Introduction: Thalassemia is the most common hereditary disease in the world that is widespread in some countries including the countries around the Mediterranean Sea as well as Iran. Based on the studies performed, the prevalence rate of thalassemia minor in Rasht-city is 8.5% and the prevalence rate of thalassemia major is in a ratio of 1 to 1000 population. Since this disease is an incurable CHRONIC one, the treatment regimens are merely supportive. Obviously, the availability of a regular, appropriate method for treatment of these patients can assist them to better tolerate the sufferings from the treatment Objective: This study was performed in order to investigate the demographic, laboratory, and clinical data of patients with thalassemia major undergoing the treatment of permanent blood transfusion in Hefdah-Shahrivar Teaching Hospital in Rasht-City and in order to evaluate their treatments. Materials and Methods:  In this a descriptive study, retrospective and prospective data were gathered and 400 patients with thalassemia major who referred to Hefdah-Shahriver Hospital of Rasht in 2002 almost monthly for blood transfusion and check-up, were studied. In addition to the demographic data, in dices such as average hemoglobin level before the blood transfusion, the interval between the two periods of transfusion, annual blood need, the volume of blood transfusion bags, heart disease, megalosplenia, and splenectomy were recorded for them. Results: In this study, 50.25% of the cases were males and 49.75% females. Mean age of patients was 15.73 ± 5.77 years.32.7% of the families had 5 children or more and 30% of patients were the first child of their family. Mean age for initiation of blood transfusion was 31.67±23.39 years. Only 11.1% of patients with thalassemia major had a mean hemoglobin level of 9.5 gr/dL before the transfusion and less than one half of patients (45.8%) had mean intervals of blood transfusion less than 28 days. Meanwhile, about one third of patients had undergone splenectomy .In this study, there was a significant relation between the education level of the father and the economic level of the family with regular and early visits of patients for blood transfusion. Conclusion: It appears that intervals of blood transfusion compared to the earlier studies have had an optimal trend towards shortening but until achieving the optimum hemoglobin level before the blood transfusion, which is higher than 9.5 g/dl according to the order of WHO, there is still a long way ahead. Obviously, regular annual studies can show upward trend or even downward trend for adequacy of treatment in these patients  

Background & Objective: Students with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder may have many problems in functional areas including education status. Although these children have normal intelligence they display weak performance in school, and their relationship with parents, teachers, peers, and friends is frequently problematic. For solving the child behavioral problems, the teacher must have active cooperation with parents. Making behavioral contract between home and school is one of these methods. So, this research investigated the effect of a therapeutic plan based on the coordinated behavioral intervention of therapist, home, and school on changing daily school behavior and reducing task avoidance in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Methods: This research was kind of experimental design (pretest-post-test with a control group and follow-up). The statistical population included all 8-9 years old boys with ADHD who had referred to Tehran psychological services and counseling centers. Among children that despite of ADHD had not comorbid disorders as mental retardation and obvious physical-sensory-motor disorder and CHRONIC illnesses, received medical treatment with equal time and amount and were in 8-9 years age range, 30 individuals along with their parents were selected as research sample and randomly assigned to experimental (N=15) and control (N=15) groups. The therapeutic plan based on the coordinated behavioral intervention of therapist, home, and school was trained to experimental group for eight sessions. Mother as home agent and teacher as school agent must be presented. Therapeutic plan based on coordinated behavioral intervention of therapist, home, and school is derived from Skinner`s theory of operant conditioning (1983) and it`s methods and techniques (such as reinforcement management, token economy, Premack principle) and positive childrearing method that conducted for 8 sessions, weekly twice, every session 2 hours. After finishing training sessions, took posttest from every two groups and they were tested after the follow-up period for the third time. The Conners Parent Rating Scale (CPRS) and the Conners Teacher Rating Scale (CTRS) were used as tools for assessing task avoidance at home and daily school behavior respectively. These questionnaires were used as the most common tools for screening and to diagnosing of ADHD in most world places and had been suitable tools for measuring the intensity of symptoms. Data were analyzed with variance analysis and repeated measurements using SPSS 22 (p<0. 05). Also, in order to identify which variables have a significant difference with each other, was used for post hoc tests (LSD) in observing the condition of homogeneity of variances. Results: The results showed that the therapeutic method based on the coordinated behavioral intervention of therapist, home, and the school had a significant effect on changing the daily school behavior (F=21. 84, P=0. 0001) and reducing task avoidance (F=33. 37, P=0. 0001). In addition, effect size showed that about 43% of significant difference daily school behavior and 51% of significant difference task avoidance in home between two groups due to training of coordinated plan of therapist, home, and school in experimental group, that is this training has been effective in improving daily school behavior and reducing task avoidance in children with ADHD. Also, the results of a follow-up study showed that daily school behavior and task avoidance in home had significant difference between two groups in every three phases of pretest, post-test and follow-up, that is intervention had stable and effective influence in every three phases and intervention effectiveness ever remained after seven weeks (P<0. 001). Conclusion: According to the results of this research that showed the effectiveness of a therapeutic plan based on coordinated behavioral intervention of therapist, home and school on reducing task avoidance and improving daily school behavior and multi-dimensional problems of children with ADHD in home and school and according to advantages of parent intervention and the importance of families-school incorporation and effectiveness of team interventions is recommended that this method uses as multi-dimensional treatment for children with attention deficithyperactivity disorder in different educational and therapeutic centers.

Resilience is a criterion for measuring the strength and stability of a system and its ability to absorb changes and distribute them, while at the same time maintain relationships between system variables. The ability of societies to live and develop with dynamic environments is known as ecological resilience. When the accessibility of a vital resource (such as water) varies between overabundance and extreme scarcity due to natural or man-made phenomena, management should be flexible and the authorities adapted with maintaining legitimacy. So, the prediction of ecological resilience in water resources such as rivers is an important issue that needs to be considered for better management of land-use systems and water supplies. For this purpose physical and chemical parameters in rivers should be monitored to predict and understand the behavior, flexibility and interaction between living-beings of rivers. The ecological importance and reorganization features of algae, as well as being directly influenced by chemical and physical parameters make them eligible to be considered as indicators of nutrient pollution and to be the endpoints for numeric nutrient criteria developed for water quality management aims. But, most environmental models do not address water quality in relation to river biology over time and offer little prediction for future periods. Time series modeling and forecasting have importance in various applied studies, such as resilience in which resistance to CHRONIC stress and time series are to be significant. In spite of various studies on intelligent modeling in the field of water management, no study has yet investigated the environmental resilience of the river in Iran, using the time series and artificial intelligence models. The resilience indicators examined for rivers have included four criteria: the biology, impact of pollutants, climate change, and time. The mentioned criteria were investigated in accordance with the following factors: Diatom algae, chemical parameters, discharge variations, and 10-year time series. The input data for modeling relations in the river ecosystem for Diatom were based on the factors influencing the physical and chemical parameters of these algae (EPA2017), and also on the basis of statistical methods of their correlation coefficients. Resilience index in the current study was determined based on Diatoms population with regard to Diatomic-Trophic index. In this respect, this study proposes a gene expression programming (GEP), hybrid wavelet-gene expression programming (WGEP), support vector machine (SVM) and wavelet support vector machine (WSVM) for prediction of monthly variations in Lavarak Station’ s water quality that affect bio indicators. The 10-years (2002-2012) monthly data used in this study were measured from Aliabad River located in Tehran, Iran. First, the measured discharge (Q) and other quality parameters that affect the bio indicators data sets were initially decomposed into several sub-series, using discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Then, this new sub-series was imposed on the (GEP) and (SVM) models as input patterns to predict monthly bio indicator one month ahead. The results of the new proposed WGEP and WSVM models were compared with SVM and GEP models. The performance of this model was evaluated using Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NS), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). A comparison between the four models showed the superiority of the hybrid models over the classic models. The achieved results even pointed to the superiority of a single SVM model over the GEP model. With regard to the studies conducted to determine the bio-resiliency index, the abundance of Diatom algae in the river within the standard of resilience the WSVM hybrid model was better while the WGEP was the second best. But due to the modeling process and the results, the WGEP model was used to determine the formula and the effect of each parameter was defined in the scenario. This model can also be effective in expressing changes in one or more independent parameter. The results of this study indicated that considering the capacity and the ability of AI models to deal with the nonlinear nature and dynamics of hydrological processes, the ability of wavelet analysis to extract certain periods of a time series is potentially more to gain reasonable prediction in different environmental processes and planning for them.

Introduction: The perinatal effects of antidepressants on CNS due to its common usage are important issues in neuroscience research. Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant that is used in smoke cessation under FDA approve widely. The study of synaptic effects of bupropion can reveal its mechanism for nicotine dependence cessation. In this study the long term effects of perinatal bupropion on population spike (PS) amplitudes were investigated. The PS amplitude is a good parameter for synaptic plasticity. Materials and Methods: Hippocampal slices from 18-25 day old rat’s pups were prepared. The exam groups included control and Bupropion treated groups. Bupropion (40 mg/Kg, i.p) was applied in perinatal period daily as pretreatment. Bupropion also was perfused in ACSF (10, 50, 200 mmol, 30 minutes) and tested for PS amplitude. PS amplitude of Stratum Radiatum was measured before and after Bupropion perfusion. Amplitude of PS before Bupropion perfusion was fitted as 100% for baseline. Results: A concentration of 10 mM did not reduce PS amplitude and Bupropion had no significant effects on PS amplitude. Bupropion in concentration of 50mM could reduce the amplitude of responses in 50% of cases. The 200 mM of Bupropion perfusion reduced population spike amplitude all slices (n=22). In the last state population spike amplitude in 8 out 0f 22 slices completely abolished. Decrease population spike amplitude in non-treated slices with 200 mM perfusion was more than treated slices. Conclusion: Analyzing of data showed that CHRONIC perinatal exposure to Bupropion in concentrations 50, 200 mM reduced PS amplitude and we found adaptation synaptic in perfusion 200 mM compare with Bupropion treated slices with non- treated.

Background & Objectives: Lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity and fostering a low–, calorie diet are among the first interventions to reduce body fat and tackle obesity and overweight. Taking supplements, as a simple strategy combined with physical activity may reduce weight, fat, serum lipids, and possibly inflammatory factors. An effective relevant supplement is Royal Gel Supplement (RGS). Recently, using exercise and nutritional supplements to improve physical health has been welcomed,consuming oral supplements is better appreciated, because of their low cost and no adverse effects. However, using supplements, especially RGS along with exercise has ambiguous aspects,limited studies investigated the response of inflammatory markers to aerobic exercise and RJ supplementation. The present study explored the impact of an 8–, week aerobic exercise plus RJS on some inflammatory markers in overweight women. Methods: This was a quasi–, experimental study with a pretest–, posttest and a control group design. Thirty healthy overweight female students of the Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj City, Iran, were selected and randomly divided into (supplement+aerobic training,S+AT), (placebo+aerobic, training,P+AT), and control groups. The subjects were included in the study according to a researcher–, made questionnaire and the inclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria of the study were presenting overweight per body mass index standards and not participating in training programs ≥, 6 months before this study. The exclusion criteria included no systemic problems, no diabetes, no acute or CHRONIC cardiovascular diseases, not receiving pharmacotherapy for the past 3 months, and no smoking. One hour before each training session, the S+AT group received RJS (500 mg) orally in 100mg capsules. The P+AT group, like the supplement group, consumed capsules of the same form and color (containing starch powder) an hour before each training session. However, the controls received no supplement. The 8–, week aerobic training was performed in 3 weekly sessions. Exercise intensity initiated with 60% of Maximal Heart Rate (MHR) in the first week,according to the principle of overload, it reached 75% of MHR by week 8. The required blood samples were obtained from the study subjects at 8 AM by a laboratory expert and CRP, TNF–, α, , and IL–, 6 were measured at pre–,and post–, training in a fasting state. TNF–, α,and IL–, 6 levels were determined by ELISA using the IBL kit according to the manufacturer's instructions (Sigma Aldrich). CRP level was determined by latex–,amplified immunoturbidimetry method (CRPLX Roche Cobas c 501) with a dispersion coefficient of 0. 1 and sensitivity of 0. 3–, 350 mg/L (Pars Azmoon Company Kit). Considering the research design and previous studies’,data, a significance level of 0. 05 was considered. The collected data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) and Bonferroni posthoc tests in SPSS. Results: The achieved results suggested a significant difference in IL–, 6 (p<0. 001). Bonferroni posthoc test data revealed that in IL–, 6, this significant difference concerned the groups supplement with placebo (p<0. 001), supplement with control (p=0. 009), and placebo with control (p=0. 001). There was also a significant difference in the CRP variable (p=0. 030). The results of the Bonferroni posthoc test indicated that in CRP, this significant difference respected the groups supplement with placebo (p<0. 001), and placebo with control (p=0. 040), and supplement with control (p=0. 015). Furthermore, there was a significant difference in TNF–, α,levels between the study groups (p=0. 040). Bonferroni posthoc test data signified that this significant difference belonged to the groups supplement with placebo (p<0. 001) and the supplement with control (p=0. 022). Moreover, 70% of IL–, 6 changes were due to aerobic exercise (Partial Eta=0. 70),55. 9% of CRP changes were induced by aerobic exercise (Partial Eta=0. 559),43. 5% of TNF–, α,changes belonged to aerobic exercise (Partial Eta=0. 435). Conclusion: According to the obtained results, an 8–, week aerobic training plus RJS could reduce the levels of inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor–, alpha, interleukin–, 6, and reactive protein–, C.

Background & Objectives: Intellectual Disability (ID) is associated with significant limitations in physical function and adaptive behaviors. Adults with IDs may encounter problems, such as structural, motor, orthopedic, or health issues. Posture quality and posture are among the indicators of general health assessment, i. e., limited in individuals with IDs. Furthermore, the prevalence of CHRONIC diseases and structural disorders of the spine, including scoliosis, is higher in this group, compared to the general population. Data on scoliosis disorders among individuals with IDs are scarce. Due to specific mental conditions, these individuals may present different reactions to Corrective Exercises (CEs). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of CEs on the extent of spinal cord scoliosis in educable males with IDs. Methods: This was a quasi–, experimental research with a pretest–, posttest and a control group design. The statistical population of this study consisted of educable male IDs in Gonbadekavoos City, Iran. Thirty educable adult males aged 25–, 40 years with IDs and scoliosis anomaly and a pre–, diagnosed lateral curvature in the thoracic area were selected by convenience sampling method. The study subjects were divided into the experimental and control groups by simple randomization (n=15/group). The experimental group conducted a researcher–, designed CE program for three 40–, 60–, minute weekly sessions in 8 weeks,however, the control group performed their routine activities. We studied and compared between–,and within–, group changes of spinal lateral curvature on a frontal plate. The CE protocol included 3 steps, in all training sessions,the first step consisted of 5 exercises for symmetrical trunk stretching in standing, sitting, and lying positions, i. e., based on the nature of the disorder and trunk asymmetries. At this stage, we applied exercise equipment, such as Swiss balls, training elastic bands, and stick, i. e., already used by participants, to make them more familiar with their practice environment. This equipment was excluded in the next stages. The second step consisted of 5 movements for trunk stretching, including asymmetric and sideway stretches,due to the three–, dimensional nature of scoliosis disorder, this step was focused on postural exercises combined with daily living activities, such as standing and sitting on a chair and the ground. The stretches were initiated with 30% of intensity during the first weeks which reached 75% at final weeks. The third step of the protocol included 5 movements of light resistance, active postural, and mirror therapy exercises. The digital imaging method was used to determine the study subjects’,scoliosis degree. In this study, descriptive statistics (mean & SD) were used to analyze the collected data,within–, group and between–, groups changes were also measured by Dependent and Independent Samples t–, tests. The significance level was considered 0. 05. Results: The present study results suggested that the mean±, SD extent of the spine’, s lateral curvature in the experimental group reached 20. 87±, 2. 98 degrees in the posttest step, while it was 22. 42±, 2. 07 in the pretest,thus, it indicated a decrease of 1. 55 degrees. The Paired Samples t–, test data also revealed significant differences between the pretest and posttest (after 8 weeks of CEs) values in scoliosis degree among the experimental subjects (p=0. 018). However, the mean±, SD spinal lateral curvature in the control group changed from 22. 18±, 2. 54 in the pretest to 22. 17±, 2. 70 degrees in the posttest, indicating no significant difference (p=0. 34). Independent Samples t–, test data comparing the scores of pretest–, posttest also revealed a significant difference between the study groups (p=0. 009). The effect size of CEs on scoliosis degree was calculated based on Cohen's d, demonstrating that the effect of this training course on the degree of scoliosis was more than moderate and close to a high level (f², =0. 28). Conclusion: According to the current study findings, CEs focused on balanced weight distribution, symmetrical and asymmetrical stretching along with strengthening the deep and superficial muscles of the thorax, pelvis, and thighs can be used as an effective method in reducing the lateral curvature degree of the spine, in the educable individuals with IDs and scoliosis.

Background & Aims: Epilepsy is one of the most common CHRONIC neurological disorders, and epileptic patients are prone to physical and psychological diseases and can experience issues such as anxiety, which affect their life quality. In general, epilepsy reduces life quality indexes and life expectancy, which has considerable economic effects on the person and the society and will ultimately lead to problems such as isolation, dependence, psychological damages and disorders, remaining single, unemployment and declining quality of life. Daily preferences and circadian rhythms are recognized as factors affecting epileptic patients’ life quality. As a mental feeling, quality of life is a psychological phenomenon that may play a role in patients’ life quality through personal traits such as daily preferences and circadian rhythms. In other words, circadian rhythms and anxiety are important issues found in epileptic patients, which can affect their quality of life. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between life quality and circadian rhythms and anxiety in epileptic patient members of the Iranian Epilepsy Association. Materials & Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study performed on 120 individuals who referred to the Iranian Epilepsy Association. The participants were selected by continuous sampling and based on the inclusion criteria. The sampling process continued for a period of June-August, 2020. Data were collected using a demographic characteristics questionnaire, including age, gender, level of education, marital status, occupational status, average monthly family income, and medical information related to other diseases, duration of diagnosis, and diagnosis of epilepsy in other family members. In addition, we applied the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), which comprises 19 questions about the sleep and waking times and appropriate times for physical, mental and conscious functioning after waking up. Moreover, we used the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), which has 21 items about cognitive and physical signs of anxiety. Furthermore, we exploited the Quality of Life in Epilepsy (QOLIE-31-P) was exploited, which encompasses subscales of concern about epilepsy, psychological health, energy/fatigue, cognitive performance, drug effects, social performance and overall quality of life. The instruments were filled by the participants in a predetermined location through self-report. Notably, the process took 20-30 minutes per subject. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive, inferential and correlational statistics and multiple linear regression model to determine the predictors of quality of life in patients with epilepsy. Results: In this study, the mean age of the subjects was 4. 14 years. Regarding circadian rhythms, most participants were in an intermediate position (71. 7%), which had the highest frequency compared to other circadian rhythms. However, the lowest frequency was related to the complete morningness state. On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between life quality scales and circadian rhythms. Quality of life had the highest score in the dimension of seizure anxiety with an average of 57. 47 and in the dimension of social functioning with an average of 45. 76 had the lowest mean score among other dimensions. Moreover, the average score of quality of life was 50. 32 with a standard deviation of 23. 03, which was close to the median of the instrument score-i. e., 50. There was a significant negative correlation between the quality of life and all of its dimensions with anxiety, meaning that quality of life and its dimensions decreased with an increase in anxiety (r=-0. 673, P<-0. 001). In addition, a significant association was observed between anxiety and variables of the level of education, occupational status, income level and hospitalization frequency. Moreover, diagnosis of other diseases (P=0. 001) and five-six hospitalization times (P<0. 001) were the only significant variables in the regression model. Conclusion: According to the results of the study, there was a negative significant correlation between the quality of life and all of its dimensions with anxiety. It seems that effective steps could be taken toward promoting anxiety-free behaviors, which increases the life quality of patients with epilepsy, through raising awareness, considering a minimum level of education of high school diploma as a recruitment criterion, creating jobs with suitable income levels, and eliminating organizational barriers (e. g., facilitation of staff recruitment).

BACKGROUND: Obesity is associated with CHRONIC disorders like coronary artery diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancers, and psychiatric disorders. Stress may contribute to weight gain by disrupting weight concern, and lead to uncontrolled eating behavior. This study aimed to investigate the effects of stress on weight concern and control behaviors in normal weight and obese adults.METHODS: A total of 9544 subjects were selected by multi-stage random sampling from three provinces in central Iran. Information related to weight concern and control behavior was registered in normal weight and obese participants. Psychological distress was measured by a 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and subjects were divided into high and low stress groups. Logistic regression was used for analysis.RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 38.7 ± 15.5 years and 50% (4772) of them were males. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for age, sex and education of high stress to low stress level for weight concern, weight control behavior and acceptable physical activity behavior was more than 1; but the OR was less than 1 for waist circumference, obesity and healthy diet behavior. Among obese participants, higher levels of stress were associated with lower weight concern with OR, 95%CI: 0.821, (0.682 – 0.988), lower acceptable physical activity with OR = 0.833, 95%CI: (0.624 – 0.912), but higher rates of healthy diet behavior with OR = 1.360, 95% CI: (1.040 – 1.780).CONCLUSION: Individuals with high stress level have lower weight concern and lower physical activity; therefore, they are prone to weight gain and obesity. It could be concluded that stress management should be considered as a crucial component of obesity prevention and control programs.

Background & Objectives: The elderly population is increasing due to important reasons, like decreased mortality rate resulting from advances in medical sciences, health, and education, and subsequently increased life expectancy globally. Aging is associated with various biopsychosocial aspects. The prevalence of no communicable diseases, like diabetes, increases with age and reaches its maximum in the elderly. Diabetes is among the most prevalent metabolic disorders, especially in the elderly. Diabetes has debilitating and dangerous effects on the vital organs of the body. Moreover, due to deficiency in insulin secretion, blood glucose levels of the patient is significantly increased; the most frequent symptom of diabetes is glucose intolerance or hyperglycemia. Accordingly, the patient encounters short– and long– term complications of diabetes. One of such problems in the elderly is the odds of the occurrence of another concomitant disease that complicates blood glucose level control. The current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of laughter therapy on self– compassion and hypoglycemia in the elderly with type 2 diabetes. Methods: This was a quasi– experimental research with a pretest– posttest, follow– up, and a control group design. The statistical population of the study consisted of 60– to 75– year– old patients with type 2 diabetes, referring to the Iranian Diabetes Association treatment centers in Tehran City, Iran, in 2019. The study participants were voluntarily selected, 36 of whom were randomly divided into two groups (laughter therapy=18; control group=18). The criterion for the selection of sample size was an effect size of 0. 25, alpha of 0. 05, and power of 0. 80 in both study groups. The minimum sample size was 18 per group. The study participants were selected from three treatment centers, and 15 were chosen from each center. The required data were obtained by the Self– Compassion Scale (SCS, Neff, 2003) and glycated hemoglobin test (HbA1c). The experimental group received 8 sessions of laughter therapy, and no intervention was provided to the control group. The follow– up test was performed two months after the end of the training period. The inclusion criteria were ≥ 1 year of type 2 diabetes according to a physician’ s approval, hemoglobin A1c level of ≥ 6%, minimum high– school diploma education, moderate socioeconomic status, receiving no concurrent psychological treatment, no acute or CHRONIC medical illnesses, such as epilepsy, skeletal diseases, cardiovascular failure, etc. which could cause problems in blood sampling and attending meetings, no severe mental illnesses, such as psychotic disorders and sensory impairment, no current use of psychotropic drugs or substance abuse, as well as no severe diabetes complications (e. g., nausea, & undergoing kidney dialysis, etc. ) that could lead to hospitalization. Absence from >2 therapeutic sessions and the occurrence of major stress due to unpredicted events were also considered as the exclusion criteria. The acquired data were analyzed by repeated– measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at the significance level of p<0. 05 in SPSS. Results: The obtained results revealed that laughter therapy increased self– compassion (p<0. 001) and reduced blood glucose level (p<0. 001) in the posttest phase; the treatment effects retained after two months (p<0. 001). The posttest scores of the self– compassion components in the experimental group were relatively higher than those of the pretest stage. In other words, the intervention significantly improved compassion variables in the experimental group. The relevant findings also indicated that the self– compassion scores of the follow– up phase significantly increased in the experimental group, and blood glucose levels significantly decreased in the experimental group. Conclusion: The present study evaluated the effectiveness of laughter therapy on self– compassion and hypoglycemia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. The collected results demonstrated that laughter therapy could improve the study subjects’ compassion and blood glucose level. Thus, laughter therapy is effective on self– compassion and hypoglycemia in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes and could be used by clinicians to improve the health status of patients with diabetes.

ENGLISH: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a CHRONIC disease of the central nervous system, with a strong neurodegenerative component. The exact mechanism of MS is not clear. However, the therapeutic strategies for controlling MS are based on immune modulation and inflammation control. Regarding this, the present study was conducted to investigate the influence of snake venom on the suppression of the immune system after the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. For this purpose, C57BL/6 female mice, divided into three groups, were selected to be induced by EAE. Groups 2 and 3 received flank injection with the emulsion of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG 35-55), as well as complete Freund adjuvant, followed by the administration of pertussis toxin. Furthermore, the treatment group, as an immune-modulator, received cobra venom (CV) after EAE induction. The mice were then evaluated daily based on clinical symptoms, weight changes (within 26 days), histopathological analysis, and serum levels of interleukin 27 (IL-27) for neurological motor deficits. The clinical signs of MOG-EAE in C57BL/6 mice began 9-14 days post-immunization. Histopathological results also revealed that CV-treated EAE mice, compared to the untreated EAE group, witnessed a significant reduction in the intensity of inflammatory cells in parenchymal sections. Furthermore, the increase of IL-27 levels was significant in the CV-treated group (P=0. 001), compared with those in the EAE and control groups. Based on results obtained in the present study, it may be concluded that Naja naja oxiana snake venom is a potential immunomodulatory agent that can be effective in the treatment of MS. FRENCH: Ré sumé : La sclé rose en plaques (SEP) est considé ré e comme une maladie chronique du systè me nerveux central, avec une forte composante neurodé gé né rative. Le mé canisme exact de la SEP n'est pas clair. Cependant, les straté gies thé rapeutiques pour contrô ler la SEP sont basé es sur la modulation immunitaire et le contrô le de l'inflammation. Le but de cette é tude é tait d’ é tudier l'influence du venin de serpent sur la suppression du systè me immunitaire aprè s l'induction de l'encé phalomyé lite auto-immune expé rimentale (EAE) chez la souris. A cet effet, des souris femelles C57BL/6ont é té sé lectionné es et divisé es en trois groupes. Les groupes 2 et 3 ont reç u une injection avec une é mulsion de glycoproté ine oligodendrocyte de myé line (MOG 35-55), ainsi qu'un adjuvant de Freund complet, suivi de l'administration de la toxine de la coqueluche. De plus, le groupe de traitement, en tant que modulateur immunitaire, a reç u du venin de cobra (VC) aprè s induction de l'EAE. Les souris ont ensuite é té é valué es quotidiennement sur la base de leurs symptô mes cliniques, des changements de poids (dans les 26 jours), de l'analyse histopathologique et des taux sé riques d'interleukine 27 (IL-27) pour les dé ficits moteurs neurologiques. Les signes cliniques de MOG-EAE chez les souris C57BL/6 ont commencé 9 à 14 jours aprè s l'immunisation. Les ré sultats histopathologiques ont é galement ré vé lé que les souris EAE traité es par VC, comparé es au groupe EAE non traité , ont é té té moins d'une ré duction significative de l'intensité des cellules inflammatoires dans les coupes parenchymateuses. En outre, l'augmentation des niveaux d'IL-27 é tait significative dans le groupe traité par VC (P = 0, 001), par rapport à ceux observé s dans les groupes EAE et té moin. Sur la base des ré sultats obtenus dans cetteé tude, on peut conclure que le venin de serpent Naja naja oxiana est un agent immunomodulateur potentiellement efficace dans le traitement de la SEP.