Introduction: The types and incidence of the CHROMOSOMAL abnormalities in failed fertilized oocytes that were taken after routine in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) programs were investingated in patients referred the Royan Institute.Materials and Methods: In this study, 364 air-dried preparation of failed fertilized oocytes after either IVF (91 samples) or ICSI (273 samples) were analysed. The zona pellucida of the oocytes were removed by thyroid's acid. The oocytes were subjected to a hypotonic solution followed by sequential fixation in fixatives consisted of methanol, acetic acid and distilled water. After staining in 10% Giemsa, oocytes were analysed under a light microscope at/Far/* /Lat/1000 magnification.Results: The result of the analysed oocytes, 39% was haploid and 61% aneuploid. Other types of CHROMOSOMAL abnormalities such as structural aberrations (5.2%), polyploidy (2.81%), sperm chromosome premature chromosome condensation (PCC) (14.3%), oocyte chromosome stickiness (5.8%) and decondensation of oocyte chromatin (6.6%) were also observed. There was no statistical difference between the incidence of CHROMOSOMAL abnormalities in failed fertilized oocytes following IVF or ICSI procedures. The frequency of sperm chromosome PCC was higher in ICSI then IVF procedure (P<0.01).Conclusion: The results indicate that CHROMOSOMAL abnormalities are the major cause of oocytes unfertilization. The types and ferquency of CHROMOSOMAL aberrations depends on several factors such as; nondisjunction during anaphase I and II, which cause aneuploidy; physical and chemical agents; hormone therapy, and genetic background of the patients. Hence, the frequency of CHROMOSOMAL abnormality is different for different population. Results also show that occurence of aneuploidy is the main cause of failed fetilization after IVF and ICSI procedures.

About 3-5 percent of papulation suffer from mental retardation (MR) mildly to severely. One of the most common causes of MR is chromosmal aberrations.In this research, CHROMOSOMAL study was performed for 100 Mental Retarders (MRs) by G-banding Method.100 MRs were 66 boys and 34 girls, 31 cases (percent) of MRs had chromosmal aberration.23 MRs were suffering from down's syndrome: 21 cases with 21 free Trisomy, 1 case chrmosomal mosaism and residual case had Robertsonian traslocation 14:21 also CHROMOSOMAL mosaism. Other 8 MRs had be structural berrations in chromosomes such as inversion (3 cases), partial trisomy (1 case), ring 22 chromosome (1 case) and breakages in different chromosomes (3 cases). The results showed that chromosome aberrations are frequent between Mental Retarderes and the most common CHROMOSOMAL aberrations occur between MRs is 21 free trisomy.

Background and Objective: Birth DEFECTS are important causes of childhood morbidity and disability. This study was done to determine the incidence and pattern of birth DEFECTS in live birth in cities of Golestan province, north of Iran.Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 92420 live births in 13 hospitals in Golestan province, northern Iran from 21 January 2008 to 20 March 2011. The newborns were examined for the presence of birth DEFECTS. Gender, type of birth DEFECTS and residency of parents according to city in Golestan province was recorded for each newborn.Results: The incidence rate of birth DEFECTS, in Gorgan, Kordkoy, Aliabad and Gonbad was 20.46, 12.53, 10.86, and 8.99 per 1,000 live births, respectively. The incidence rate of birth DEFECTS western area (including Kordkoy, Bandargaz and Kordkoy), center (Gorgan, Capital city) and eastern area (including Aliabad, Gonbad, Minodasht and Kalaleh) of Golestan province) was 9.3, 20.46 and 8.79 per 1,000 live births, respectively. Cardiovascular anomaly was the most frequent birth DEFECTS.Conclusion: The incidence rate of birth DEFECTS varies in diferent area of Golestan provine and overally was lower than the other region in Iran.

Persistent corneal epithelial DEFECTS (PEDs or PCEDs) result from the failure of rapid re-epithelialization and closure within 10-14 days after a corneal injury, even with standard supportive treatment. Disruptions in the protective epithelial and stromal layers of the cornea can render the eye susceptible to infection, stromal ulceration, perforation, scarring, and significant vision loss. Although several therapies exist and an increasing number of novel approaches are emerging, treatment of PEDs can still be quite challenging. It is important to treat the underlying causative condition, which may include an infection, limbal stem cell deficiency, or diabetes, in order to facilitate wound healing. Standard treatments, such as bandage contact lenses (BCLs) and artificial tears (ATs), aim to provide barrier protection to the epithelial layer. Recently-developed medical treatments can target the re-epithelialization process by facilitating access to growth factors and anti-inflammatory agents, and novel surgical techniques can provide re-innervation to the cornea. PEDs should be treated within 7-10 days to avoid secondary complications. These interventions, along with a step-wise approach to management, can be useful in patients with PEDs that are refractory to standard medical treatment. In this review, we discuss the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, current and novel management, and prognosis of persistent epithelial DEFECTS. . .

Holoprosencephaly is the most common embryonic brain defect. Foetuseswho survive during intrauterine life are born with varying grades of brain andfacial deformities. Extra craniofacial manifestations are common. Vertebralsegmentation DEFECTS are rarely seen with holoprosencephaly, mainly inassociation with holoprosencephaly diencephalic hamartoblastoma (HDH)association. A female infant was born at term by normal delivery. Birth headcircumference was below the 3rd percentile. Antenatal scan had showedmicrocephaly as the only abnormality. Physical examination revealedmicrocephaly, ocular hypotelorism, left ear skin tag and short neck. MRI of thebrain showed semilobar holoprosencephaly. Neck radiograph revealed grossvertebral segmentation defect involving cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae.She had initial feeding difficulties. She showed severe global developmentaldelay and had underlying central diabetes insipidus. Vertebral segmentationdefect is rare in holoprosencephaly.

One of the numerous methods recently employed to study the health of structures is the identification of anomaly in data obtained for the condition of the structure, e. g. the frequencies for the structural modes, stress, strain, displacement, speed, and acceleration) which are obtained and stored by various sensors. The methods of identification applied for anomalies attempt to discover and recognize patterns governing data which run in sharp contrast to the statistical population. In the case of data obtained from sensors, data appearing in contrast to others, i. e. outliers, may signal the occurrence of damage in the structure. The present research aims to employ computer algorithms to identify structural DEFECTS based on data gathered by sensors indicating structural conditions. The present research investigates the performance of various methods including Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN), Manhattan Distance, Curve Fitting, and Box Plot in the identification of samples from damages in a case study using frequency values related to a cable-support bridge. Subsequent to the implementation of the methods in the datasets, it was shown that the ANN provided the optimal performance.