Medicinal plants contain active ingredients in one or some of their organs. Squalene is one of the active ingredients that prevent heart attacks and cardiovascular diseases and protect the body from some cancers. The aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of squalene in a number of medicinal plants. In this experiment, the plant oils were extracted and measured using Bligh & Dyer with minor changes. TLC (thin layer CHROMATOGRAPHY) was used to identify squalene. Comparison of TLC of standard squalene with TLC of the investigated medicinal plant samples showed that Caryophillium aromaticus, Descurainia sophia, Portulaca Oleracea, Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa contained squalene. Although the percentage of Papaver somniferum and Nigella Sativa seed oil was higher than other medicinal plants, the squalane spot of clove plant had a higher intensity of color and this indicates a higher concentration of squalene in this plant.

Static headspace combined with gas CHROMATOGRAPHY/mass spectrometry is a powerful technique which can be used for separation and identification of volatile organic compounds in complex and different matrices such as soil, water, blood, urine, milk, cheese and especially yogurt. After sample collection, they were analyzed by HS-GC/MS system and the components (acetaldehyde, acetone, butanone and acetic acid) were detected and quantified. The limit of detection (LOD) was 100 ng/kg with selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode at m/z =60 for acetic acid. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was measured at 5.5% for acetic acid.

Fast protein liquid CHROMATOGRAPHY (FPLC) is a form of medium pressure CHROMATOGRAPHY originally developed for purifying proteins with high resolution and reproducibility. Its distinguishing feature is that the stationary phase is composed of small-diameter beads (generally cross-linked agarose) that are packed in glass or plastic columns and have high loading capacity. The FPLC system allows the use of a wide range of aqueous buffers (the mobile phase) and different stationary phases to perform the main CHROMATOGRAPHY modes (ion exchange, gel filtration, affinity and hydrophobic interaction, reverse phase). However, anion exchange and gel filtration CHROMATOGRAPHY are the modes most commonly used.

Background and Aim: Nowadays, drug abuse is a major problem in societies and, detection of drugs in urine is very important. In general, immunoCHROMATOGRAPHY (ICG) and thin-layer CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) are routine methods for the detection of drugs in urine. These methods are rapid and economical, but their accuracy rates for detection of drugs at lower concenterations are low (< cut off). Morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine, are conventional drugs that are widely used. The purpose of this study was to compare immunoCHROMATOGRAPHY, thin layer CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC) and gas CHROMATOGRAPHY (GC) methods for detection of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine in the spiked healthy human urine samples and urine of addicted people. We also compared their detection limits with one another. Materials and Methods: This was an experimental study and included urine samples obtained from healthy and addicted people referring to the laboratory of the 7th of Tir marriage counseling center in East Azerbaijan Province, in June 2016. After collection of urine samples, samples obtained from healthy people were spiked with various concentrations of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Then, all samples were tested by immunoCHROMATOGRAPHY, TLC and GC methods for the detection of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. Results: Results showed that ICG and TLC methods can not detect lower concentrations (< cut off) of morphine, amphetamine and methamphetamine. While, GC can easily detect them in urine samples, even in lower concentrations (< cut off) and has a high detection limit and accuracy rate. Conclusion: It can be concluded GC method is a powerful and accurate technique for detection of drugs in urine samples.

Multidetector systems have been widely used in GC for many years. Even though the mass spectrometer is still the most popular GC detector in the case of complex samples, a multidetector system can provide all the information needed for the confirmation purposes. This review describes various GC setups for multidetector analysis, and modern systems available on the market. An overview of the application of multidetector systems with various detectors in GC is also enclosed. The most popular system involves parallel detectors and a post-injector or postcolumn effluent splitter.

Alpha toxin, sometimes referred to as phospholipase C (PLC), is a significant toxin generated by C. perfringens that possesses both deadly and dermonecrotic properties. All strains (A, B, C, D, E) of C. perfringens generate varying quantities of this toxin, which is recognized as a key various  factor in the development of clostridial myonecrosis.Alpha-toxin is known to significantly influence several human and animal disorders, exhibiting deleterious impacts, specifically on the intestinal system. The primary objective of this research was to conduct a comparative analysis of two distinct purification techniques in order to extract alpha-toxin from C. perfringens type A. The first approach involved the alpha-toxin purification through a series of techniques, including ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange CHROMATOGRAPHY using DEAE Sephadex at pH values of 7 and 9, and gel filtration CHROMATOGRAPHY using Sephadex G-100, while the second approach was implemented using the affinity CHROMATOGRAPHY. The degree of purity of alpha-toxin was assessed at each stage of the purification process by the utilization of SDS-PAGE.The protein content and hemolysis activity were also quantified at each purification step. Based on the obtained findings, examining these two approaches revealed that the first method yielded a percentage of 88, while the second method yielded percentage of 91.7. The specific activity values obtained from the calculations for the first and second methods were 69170 U/mg and 105.71 U/mg, respectively. Our research shows that affinity CHROMATOGRAPHY can produce a highly pure alpha toxin with a specific activity of 108700 (HU/mg), produced by Clostridium perfringens type A.

Background and Objectives Hemophilia B is a genetic disorder due to deficiency or complete absence of factor IX coagulation factor. Treatment of choice for these patients is use of factor IX concentrates. Therefore, purification of plasma proteins and separation of factor IX have been major objectives for scientists involved in this field. In this respect, purification procedure using ion exchange CHROMATOGRAPHY is widely used, but in the past decade affinity CHROMATOGRAPHY was also introduced. The objective of the present study has been to apply both techniques for the purification of factor IX and compare the quality and yield of the product. Materials and Methods For the purification procedure, CHROMATOGRAPHY columns (XK-16), containing DEAE sepharose and Heparin sepharose were used. Factor IX coagulation activity was measured using a one-stage coagulation assay and factor IX antigen was quantified using ELISA technique.  Results The specific activity and relative increase in purity of factor IX was calculated and it was demonstrated that specific activity improved from 3.1 IU/mg using DEAE ion exchange to 29 IU/mg when affinity CHROMATOGRAPHY was added and purity was increased from 155 to 1450 respectively. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that addition of an affinity CHROMATOGRAPHY step using heparin sepharose is a major improvement in the purification of factor IX, where both specific activity and purity are increased considerably.