Aim: We evaluated the frequency of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes as well as CELIAC DISEASE (CD) among the first-degree relatives (FDRs) of CD patients, compared with healthy controls, and compared the HLA typing with serologic tests in this population. Background: Until now, no study has examined the frequency of HLA-DQ2/DQ8 haplotypes among the FDRs of Iranian patients with CD. Methods: In the current case-control study, 100 FDRs of CD patients and 151 healthy controls were included. Demographic characteristics were assessed using a research-made questionnaire. A blood sample was collected from each participant for HLA-DQ typing and measuring serum levels of anti-gliadin and anti-transglutaminase (anti-tTG) antibodies. Results: The mean age of the FDRs of CD patients and controls was 30 and 35 years, respectively. Also, 51% (n=51) of the FDRs and 51. 7% (n=78) of controls were female. CD was diagnosed among 3% (n=3) of the FDRs of CD patients. No significant difference was found in terms of the frequency of HLA-DQ alleles between the FDRs of CD patients and controls. Out of 100 FDRs of CD patients, 40% had HLA-DQ2 allele, 16% carried HLA-DQ8 allele, and 4% had both alleles. Surprisingly, the CD was diagnosed in three subjects among 60 FDRs of CD patients with HLA-DQ2 allele (3% of the whole population). This diagnosis was based on the results of serological tests as well as endoscopy and intestinal biopsy. Conclusion: CD was confirmed among 3% (n=3) of the FDRs of CD patients. We found that HLA typing is not effective in predicting CD among FDRs of CD patients. Other methods such as serological tests have a higher priority compared with HLA-DQ typing.

Aim: The present study aimed to study the immunological changes seen in the intestinal epithelium of the CELIAC patients could also be detected in the peripheral blood lymphocyte populations.Background: CELIAC DISEASE (CD) is a small bowel enteropathy caused by permanent wheat gluten intolerance. One of the earliest signs of CD is an increase in the numbers of the intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (iIEL).Patients and methods: In this case-control study, totally 13 untreated subjects with acceptable criteria for CD without any complication and 16 healthy subjects without any positive criteria for CD were selected. Peripheral blood T cells were analyzed by two-color flow cytometry in both groups.Results: The mean age of patients was 33.6±3.4 years and two patients had Marsh IIIB, five patients had Marsh IIIA and six patients had Marsh II histology class. The mean percentages of the gdTCR+ T cells in the patients were significantly higher than the controls (p=0.015). However, the mean percentages of the abTCR+ T cells were significantly lower in the untreated patients than the controls (p=0.025). There were no significant difference between the mean percentages of lymphocytes expressing the CD3, CD4 and CD8 molecules in the patients and the controls.Conclusion: The change in the percentages of the peripheral blood T cells expressing the gdTCR and abTCR in the CELIAC patients could be used in conjunction with the other serological markers to identify new CD cases.

Introduction: Kikuchi-Fujimoto DISEASE (KFD) is an uncommon idiopathic self-limited cause of lymphadenitis that most commonly presents with cervical lymphadenopathy with or without systemic signs and symptom, which is also called histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis (1-6). Although infection and autoimmune etiology have been suggested, the cause of KFD is unknown. Several features that support a role for an infectious cause include the generally self-limited courses and association with symptoms similar to upper respiratory tract infection. Many viral infections have been proposed including cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, human herpes virus, Epstein-Barr virus, parainfluenza virus, parvovirus B19, paramyxovirus, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Toxoplasma gondii. In a Korean study on 147 patients presenting at an outpatient clinic, KFD (34.7%) and tuberculous (TB) adenitis (22.4%) were the most common causes of cervical adenitis (7-14).Case Presentation: We presented a case of TB lymphadenitis in association with CELIAC DISEASE that mimicked KFD in a young child.Conclusions: CELIAC DISEASE, also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy and nontropical sprue, is an autoimmune DISEASE with chronic inflammation of small intestine, which is associated with increased risk of TB infection. TB lymphadenitis can mimic KFD. Therefore, in each case of unusual lymphadenitis, TB should be considered and if it is associated with failure to thrive, CELIAC DISEASE should be suspected.

Background and Aims: It has been hypothesized that nonintestinal inflammatory DISEASEs such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) may trigger immunologic gluten intolerance in susceptible people. This hypothesis suggests a possible epidemiological link between these two DISEASEs, although this assumption is still a matter of debate. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study to assess the prevalence of CELIAC DISEASE in HBV carrier patients who had been infected in childhood.Results: None of the HBV carrier patients had immunoglobulin A antiendomysium and immunoglobulin A anti-tissue transglutaminase, but 6 patients and 1 recovered subject had immunoglobulin A antigliadin and/or immunoglobulin G antigliadin. Moreover, no patient treated with interferon therapy showed any serological marker of CELIAC DISEASE. Conclusions: Due to the small sample size, we cannot claim that there is no association between CELIAC DISEASE (CD) and HBV, although in our study we did not find any CD patients. A sample size that is more representative of the prevalence of CD in Italy would better support the establishment of any possible connection between CD and HBV.

CELIAC DISEASE (CD) shows an increased prevalence in female, particularly during the fertile period. CELIAC DISEASE should be researched in infertility, spontaneous and recurrent abortions, delayed menarche, amenorrhea, early menopause, and children with low birth-weight. CELIAC DISEASE is still little considered during the evaluation of infertility. Up to 50% of women with untreated CD refer an experience of miscarriage or an unfavorable outcome of pregnancy. CELIAC patients taking a normal diet (with gluten) have a shorter reproductive period. Women with undiagnosed CD had a higher risk of small for gestation age infants very small for gestational age infants and preterm birth when compared with women with noted CD. The link between NCGS and infertility is actually unknown. The goal of our work is to perform an actual review about this topic and to increase the awareness in the medical population to research CELIAC DISEASE in selected obstetric and gynecological disorders.

CD is a systemic immune-mediated disorder caused by the dietary gluten in individuals who are genetically susceptible to the DISEASE. In fact, CD is a T cell-mediated immune DISEASE in which gluten-derived peptides activate the lamina propria CD4+ Teff cells, and these T-cell subsets can cause the intestinal tissue damages. Also, there are additional subsets of CD4+ T cells with suppressor functions. These subsets express the master transcription factor, FOXP3, and include Tr1 cells and CD4+CD25+ Tregs, which are the main population involved in maintaining the peripheral tolerance, preventing the autoimmune DISEASEs and limiting the chronic inflammatory DISEASEs such as CD. The suppressive function of Tregs is important to maintain the immune homeostasis. This paper examined the features and the basic mechanisms used by Tregs to mediate the suppression in CD.

Background: CELIAC DISEASE (CD) is an autoimmune disorder of the small intestine with a genetic predisposition. The gold standard for CD diagnosis is evaluating small bowel biopsy samples. As biopsy sampling is an invasive procedure, researchers focus on finding an alternative non-invasive test that can detect CD at an earlier stage. We aimed to investigate the laboratory finding of patients with CD to introduce new diagnostic biomarkers for this disorder. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study laboratory results of 175 patients with CELIAC were evaluated. Subjects were analyzed through following variables: age, sex, Marsh classification, hemoglobin level, white blood cell count, platelets, eosinophil, neutrophil, lymphocytes, ferritin, liver enzymes, fat profile, iron profile, calcium, and phosphorus. SPSS software, version 22, was used for analysis. Results: 69 (39. 4%) patients were men and 106 (60. 6%) were women with a mean age of 34. 4 years. The extraintestinal symptoms were predominant which anemia (28. 6%), microcytic erythrocytes (20%) and hypochromic RBCs (26. 9%) were the most laboratory findings. Hypertransaminasemia, low ferritin, hypocalcemia and leukemia was reported in 23. 4%, 17. 1%, 5. 7% and 4. 7% of patients respectively. According to the pathological classification: 23 (13. 1%) patients were Marsh I, 29 (16. 6%) patients Marsh II, and 118 (67. 4%) patients Marsh III. Conclusion: The lack of food, vitamins and minerals can be evaluated through laboratory studies and may open the door to early detection of the DISEASE.