A study of various deficiencies observed in the process of pile carpet weaving in the Province of Kashan has revealed that the most important DEFECTS are: unevenness, crimpled sides and erroneous application of the cartoon. Improving weavers' skills will have a significant effect on reducing these DEFECTS.Therefore, weavers should be given educational advice on recognizing the capabilities of looms and other rug weaving equipment, the quality of raw materials and their harmonious use, the correct way of weaving flatwoven rugs, the manner of interlacing the wefts, and daftin-zadan (pounding an iron comb on the weft).

Destroying natural resources and environment is one of the most important problems in different regions around the world, especially in arid zones. So that extent areas of these zones are being destroyed in extensive spectrum of these destruction processes. For this reason, evaluating and providing vulnerability map of vegetation degradation in our country can considerably help the management and executive planning. In the present research, the criteria used in a new model called NIDLTS are proposed for evaluating the vegetation degradation. These criteria are natural index(N), human indirect index (I), human direct index (D), livestock pressure (L), trend of degradation (T) and state indicators (S). In order to estimate each criterion, a number of risk index were used. Natural indices studied in this research were climate change, draught, climate and suitability of lands. Human indices which were studied are population density, population growth, governmental expenses from executive works and researches, changing natural resources land to agricultural lands, percentage of unemployment, percentage of illiteracy. The indices of studied status are percentage of crown cover, production of the present biomass and production of the present biomass to the potential. Hazard index related to each destruction group were classified in to five classes of hazard intensity with numerical values in order to be analyzed in GIS. Then, the weight of each index and each main group of NIDLTS framework were calculated by Hierarchy Analysis Process (AHP); so that giving priority was done through investigating their share and effects in the vegetation decline. Finally, the vulnerability map of vegetation risk was generated through overlaying all the layers for each criterion in GIS. Results showed that among the human factors, the changing land use from natural resources to agriculture is the most important factor, whereas among the natural factors, drought is the most important factor in the study area. Also, among all the criteria, natural index has the highest effect and the trend of degradation of natural resources lands has the lowest effect in the vegetation degradation during the time. The final hazard map showed that the most widespread hazard class is moderate, followed by no-hazard in the region. It seems logical that the proposed model of NIDLTS for assessing the hazard of vegetation degradation can provide a more accurate estimation of vegetation degradation in a region with taking into consideration of the ecological, anthropogenic and hazard trend in comparison with some other evaluations that only consider the current state of vegetation degradation.

The objective of this study was to determine the allowed and desired limits for heavy soils of texture (clay loom), as it has operational capability (friability), These limits were 6.34 mm for planting and 10.62 mm for harvesting in each raining or irrigation episode. We determined some factors that affect soil wetness and water content as follow: the amount and severity of rain, the condition of soil’s drainage, the percent of air moisture, evapotranspiration, the amount of runoff, the amount and severity of sunlight, the ambient temperature, the condition of vegetation and, the soil texture. The time needed for dryness and removal of soil moisture as evapotranspiration in each over- desired and allowed capacity rains are 5-7 days. Also, because of higher evaporation in planting time (late April and early May) than in harvesting time (November), and also higher surface temperature in spring, both result in moving the vapor from deeper layers of soil to surface. Therefore, as our result showed, the time needed for readiness of soil for machinery operation at time of planting are 5 days for planting (late April and early May) and 7 days for harvesting time (November). According to our calculation, 19.5% of rains at planting time and 7.5% at harvest time changed to run- off; and with taking this amount of run- off in account at allowed- limit calculation, and also because of texture of the studied soil, the maximum allowed rain in which the soil remains in proper condition for machinery planting and harvesting activities exceeded 7.6 and 11.41 mm in each rainy day. As a result, according to limiting factor of well doing of operations and also factors affecting these restricting factors, the number of working days for mechanized planting operation was found to be about 19.69 days and also 21.98 days for harvesting operations in farms with heavy soil with 98% of probability.

The Scythians tribes were one of the nomadic tribes inhabiting large areas in the central Eurasian steppes from about the 9th century BC up until the 4th century AD. These tribes moved into parts of present-day Iran after many displacements in the first millennium BC. These tribes have played important role in central Eurasian steppes and in Persian and part of India. What scholars know about the Scythians tribes based on the writings of Herodotus. These people have played an important role in Persian and Indian epics, as well as in various historical periods of Iran, such as the Iron Age and Achaemenid and Parthian periods. Their presence in Iran has been illustrated by at least the name of one of the Iranian cities, Sakestan or Sistan, which is the name of these people. Few archaeological findings in Iran have been attributed to Scythians. However, in recent years, new burial grounds have been found which shed new light on the Scythian’ s presence in Persia and central Eurasian that appears to confirm the writing of historians. In recent years many articles and books have been published about Scythians based on archaeological findings. Recently a new book has been published entitled Scythians Warriors of Ancient Siberia. This paper critically reviews this book edited by St. John Simpson and Svetlana Pankova.

Background and Aim: Consumption of the epidermis (COE) is defined as thinning of the epidermis with attenuation of the basal and suprabasal layers and loss of rete ridges in areas of direct contact with malignant melanocytes. The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of COE as an additional diagnostic criterion for malignant melanoma and to evaluate its relationship to clinicopathological findings.Methodes: The age, gender, localization of the lesion and the histopathological parameters such as tumor type, Breslow thickness, ulceration, and Clark’s level were recoeded in 90 malignant melanoma cases.Results: In contrast to other studies, we found that COE was more common in tumors with an acral localization and in the acral lentiginous melanoma.Conclusion: Although COE can be used as a pathological criterion in the diagnosis of malignant melanoma, but no correlation no of COE with ulceration and other prognostic factors were found.

In order to determine which plant species are producers, and which insects are affective in production of manna of tamarix this study was done in shahdad region that is placed in north east of Kerman province. Manna of tamarix is the sap of Two species of Tamarix (Tamarix aphylla &T leptopetala) secretes on their adolescent branches from small stings on their skins made by two kinds of insects (Euscelis decoratus & Tuponia subaltera), mostly Euscelis decoratus. Habitats of producer species begin in the north of Shahdad city and extend in a southerly direction to south corner of Kerman province ending up in Narmashir-e-Bam. This region has a very arid climate and lies in the western side of Kavir-e-lout desert. Average annual precipitation is less than 50 mm and average annual temperature is over 25 degrees centigrade. Rural children and women collect manna yield from October to January in shahdad region. They consume it as a sweet or a traditional medicine to treat cough.