Background and Objective: Pharmaceutical wastewater has a high level of pollution load that should be treated before discharging to the environment. Integrated processes using different mechanisms are one of the most fruitful methods in wastewater treatment. In this study, combined Integrated Fixed Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) and photocatalytic processes are utilized using of Fe3O4/TiO2 nanoCATALYSTs to decrease the COD value of pharmaceutical wastewater. Materials and Methods: In this study, the variables of each process are optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In the IFAS process, the variables were dissolved oxygen (DO), media filling percentage and hydraulic retention time (HRT); while in the photocatalytic process, the effects of pH of wastewater, CATALYST dose and reaction time were investigated. Results: In optimal conditions (DO 3 mg/L, HRT 24 h and media filling percentage 65%), COD removal rate was obtained 59. 15%. With the initial concentration of 1725 mg/L COD and the mentioned efficiency, the concentration of COD in the effluent diminished to 704 mg/L. However, in the photocatalytic process, during optimal conditions (pH 6. 8, reaction time 105 min and CATALYST dose 60 mg/L), The efficiency of the process was determined 81%, which by considering the input COD (704 mg/L), the output concentration was reduced to 134 mg/L. Conclusion: According to the standards provided by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the effluent from the combined process can be discharged into the environment.

Today, urban transformations have led to general changes due to increasing sensitivities to human and environmental well-being. So far, there have been many approaches to urban transformation that most notably of them include urban revitalization, urban redevelopment, and urban regeneration.Regeneration approach has a more comprehensive and integrated vision for solving urban problems, especially Brownfield which has many opportunities for urban transformation and improving people's quality of life. But its regeneration faces challenges in clean-up and redevelopment. To overcome these challenges, the strategy of urban CATALYST can be applied due to being an instrument within the strategies of urban transformation that comes out of the texture and rehabilitates that. This research presents the concepts and basic requirements of urban CATALYST projects and their planning (political, management and leadership, legal, economic, social and environmental), design (underlying factors, Sense of location and identity) and implementation (4Ps model or public-private-people partnership) components for the acceleration of urban development. At the end, with the knowledge that every city has unique characteristic and it is not possible to adopt a single instruction for all cities, however, regarding to the global experiences, a common Brownfield regeneration process with the help of urban CATALYST projects is presented by a proposed model in this study. If projects are understood and developed in accordance with what the city needs, they can deeply affect on the inefficient urban areas regeneration especially Brownfield.

In present research in order to reduce emitted pollutant gases from vehicles, design and production of metallic CATALYST converter have been studied. The specimens are adjustable on different engines with different capacity. For this purpose the following steps were carried out:The first step is preparation of a-4 sheet consists of annealing, forming and making monolith. The second step contains providing wash coat and CATALYST metals and coating them on washed coated monolith. The last step is canning of CATALYST converter. After accomplishing above steps, required tests have been done as below:Measurement of emitted pollutants from vehicles, stability of CATALYST converter in vehicle (road test) and finally measurement of amount of fuel consumption of vehicles with different used CATALYST converters in them.Results of these tests showed that emission of CO was equivalent with Euro3 standard and NOX emission was equivalent to Euro4 standard and NOX+HC emission was equivalent with Euro3 standard.

Catalytic gas-solid reactions are used widely using conventional packed bed reactors. Conventional packed bed reactors have some difficulties and disadvantages such as pressure drop, intra particle diffusion limitation, flow channeling and so on. Recently, to overcome these difficulties, research has led to the use of structured CATALYSTs such as monolithic reactor instead of a random packed bed. Herein, using an iron based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis CATALYST, a novel bulk monolithic CATALYST is manufactured by extrusion and molding methods. The effect of various parameters on monolith quality and strength are experimentally evaluated. The molding method showed good results and the best conditions are found at 5% moisture; 20-25% binder, and 3500-5800 kg/cm2 pressure. Also, the performance of the CATALYST in Fischer Tropsch synthesis is tested experimentally. The results show that this novel concept leads to superior advantages such as lower intra particle mass transfer limitation and pressure drop and more CATALYST usage.

In this paper, HZSM5 zeolite was synthesized through reflux method on support material CaO (25, 35 and 45 wt%) in two specific methods: microwave and impregnation at high temperature. The zeolite CATALYST was modified with impregnation of NaOH (2, 4, 8, 12 wt%) at room temperature. The modified zeolite was used in transesterification of rapeseed oil with methanol in abatch catalytic process. In transesterification of rapeseed oil, the catalyticactivities of HZSM5, NaZSM5, KZSM5 were considered. The prepared CATALYSTs were characterized by several techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) surface area and also the surface image was scanned by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The parameters affecting on biodiesel yield at optimum reaction conditions were investigated. The maximum yield was achieved with 8wt% of NaOH loaded on HZSM5 at reaction temperature of 65˚ C, reaction time of 12 hours and CATALYST/oil mass ratio of 9. Also the yield of CaO loaded with impregnation at high temperature was more desired than CaO loaded with microwave. Meanwhile the catalytic activity of HZSM5, NaZSM5 and KZSM5 was nearly zero; and the catalytic activity of modified zeolite was HZSM5>NaZSM5>KZSM5 subsequently.

Mesoporous nanocrystalline zirconia powders with high specific surface area and stable tetragonal crystallite phase were prepared by surfactant assisted precipitation method. The obtained results showed that the nanocrystalline zirconia powders have a good potentional as CATALYST support in natural gas reforming with carbon dioxide. The activity results indicated that the nickel CATALYST with 5 wt.% nickel loading showed stable activity for syngas production with a decrease of about 4% in methane conversion after 50 h of reaction. Addition of promoters (CeO2, La2O3, MgO and K2O) to the CATALYST improved both the activity and stability of the nickel CATALYST and increased the nickel dispersion and had a positive effect in preventing coke formation. The nickel CATALYST (5% Ni–3% CeO2/ZrO2) showed high catalytic stability under severe reaction conditions for more than 1550 h on stream. Based on our knowledge, there is no prior documentation for a nickel CATALYST that is comparable to this CATALYST in CATALYST stability under the reaction conditions employed in this study.

DP803, an industrial CATALYST used in petrochemical industry for dehydrogenation of isobutane to isobutene, was characterized in the current study. The results showed that zeolite Y is a high performance CATALYST. This CATALYST was then synthesized using a platinum source (hexachloro platinic acid) and two different tin sources (tributyl tin chloride and SnCl2.2H2O) all on zeolites Y, and then the synthesized CATALYSTs were used in the dehydrogenation of isobutane in a reactor designed for dehydrogenation reaction. XRF, XRD, TG/DTG, FT-IR, and SEM techniques were used for the characterization and determination of the composition of CATALYSTs. The wet analysis of samples under different reaction conditions were investigated as well.

The addition of Zinc to the synthesis of ZSM-5 CATALYSTs (Si/Al=21) was studied in xylene isomerization reactions. Physicochemical characteristics of the prepared CATALYSTs were evaluated by XRD، BET، SEM، FTIR، NH3-TPD and TG analyses. Zn incorporation strongly increased the strong acid (Brø nsted) sites and reduced the weak acidity (Lewis). Higher strong acidity led to higher PX yield and Lower weak acidity led to lower coke formation and more catalytic stability. (0. 5 wt. %)Zn-ZSM-5 as an efficient and stable CATALYST for xylene isomerization reactions demonstrated high PX yield (18. 5 wt. %)، high EB conversion (43. 6%) and low xylene loss (3. 3 %).

In this work, high temperature attrition was studied in a standard attrition set-up to mimic the FCC regenerator environment with mechanical attrition. Operating conditions were modified in this pilot due to the application of high temperatures. Two parameters, i. e., time and temperature in the ranges of 1 to 5h and 673-973K, were surveyed, respectively. The behavior of attrition and mass loss was then modeled and validated. At higher temperatures mass loss response sensitivity became larger. Finally, PSD and SEM tests were used to investigate the attrition mechanism. In the ambient tests, abrasion was significant while at higher temperatures, fragmentation was considerable. PSD plots shifted into larger particles and SEM images showed those changes as well. In addition, significant reshaping in the PSD curves indicated particle cracking at high temperatures.