Objective: b thalassemia and sickle cell disease are characterized by a chronic transfusion associated with chelation. Patients are exposed highs toxicity with iron overload. This manifests differently in these illnesses, in thalassemia by an increased of pro-oxidant molecules, reducing the activity of antioxidant system and endocrine disorders. For sickle cell inflammation is more marked.Our study aims to evaluate the status of oxidative in these illnesses carrying the mutation Codon 6 beta globin gene.Materials and Methods: We have studied in this work 14 individuals, including (5) healthy subjects, (6) b-thalassemia homozygotes their mutations were characterized in a later study and (3) sickle cell anemia, they were followed at the hematological department of the Beni-Messous Hospital in Algiers, Algeria.Molecular study consist to extract the DNA genomic of all subjects by “modified salting out” technique, amplifying b globin gene, characterize the mutation by RFLP ‘’ BSU 36I enzyme”.Biochemical study is aimed at analyzing the serum for all individuals to some stress markers (MDA and CATALASE), the evaluation of iron status [ferritin, serum iron, the total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)] main parameters involved in the complications of these diseases.Results: We find a higher serum iron in b-thalassemia compared to the control group by a factor 2 and that of sickle cell. The TIBC in b-thalassemia have the highest rate followed by those of sickle cell disease and controls.Ferritin, the best indicator of the amount of iron stores, b-thalassemia where iron overload is installed it is the highest. However it remains in the range of standards for sickle and controls.There was a significant rate of serum MDA “marker of lipid peroxidation” in b thalassemia compared to controls by a factor of 1.59, and CATALASE showed a nonsignificant decrease activity in sickle cell disease; however this decrease was significant in b-thalassemia, and reached a factor of 1.26.Conclusion: Free iron accumulation, is the source of the free radical OH° via the Fenton reaction, which alters the cell membranes in liver, heart and endocrine glands.The alterations produced of accelerated apoptosis and ineffective erythropoiesis.Our results confirm the role of stress and decreased antioxidant capacity appears to be a common feature of these two diseases. Vitamin deficiencies in patients with thalassemia were observed with a consequent worsening of alterations.

Jasmonic acid and its methyl ester, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), are naturally occurring plant growth regulators, which can affect many physiological and biochemical processes in plants. In present investigation, the effects of methyl jasmonate (0, 1, 10, 100 and 500 mM) on some physiological and ant oxidative responses in soybean (Glycine max L.) plants were studied. Under MeJA (1 and 10 mM) treatments, shoot dry weight and chlorophyll content increased and lipid peroxidation decreased. Treatment of plants with methyl jasmonate, especially at 100 and 500 mM concentrations reduced shoot dry weight and total chlorophyll content and increased lipid peroxidation. All concentrations of MeJA increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), CATALASE (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) and also increased the content of ascorbate pool, phenolic compound and anthocyanins as well. Based on our results, it seemed that the application of methyl assonate at low concentrations enhanced the antioxidant defence system, at the same time, decreased lipid peroxidation and improved growth parameter. The higher concentrations of methyl jasmonate increased lipid peroxidation and reduced plants growth, so that increasing the antioxidant capacity of plants did not decrease the oxidative stress and did not improve plants growth.

Objective(s): Naringin, an essential flavonoid, inhibits inflammatory response and oxidative stress in diabetes. However, whether naringin has beneficial effects ondiabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unknown.Materials and Methods: Streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected into male rats (8 weeks old weighting 200-250 g) to establish diabetic model, then naringin (20, 40 or 80 mg/kg/day) was intraperitoneally injected into the diabetic rats for twelve weeks. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) level, thickness of ganglion cell layer (GCL) and ganglion cell counts were assessed in diabetic retina in vivo. Naringin (50 mM) that significantly inhibited high glucose (HG, 25 mM) -induced cell proliferation was used to treat rat Muller cell line (rMC1) in vitro. Inflammatory response, oxidative stress and activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) p65 were evaluated in retina in vivo and in rMC1 cells in vitro.Results: Naringin alleviated DR symptoms as evidenced by the increased retinal ganglion cells and decreased GFAP levelin rat retina. Naringin exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects as confirmed by the down-regulatedpro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), interleukin-1b (IL-1b) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the up-regulate dantioxidants, glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and CATALASE (CAT) in DR rats. Moreover, we found that naringin inhibited HG-induced proliferation, abnormal inflammatory response and oxidative stress inrMC1 cells. In addition, the enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-kB p65 in diabetic rat retina andHG-inducedrMC1 cells was suppressed by naringin.Conclusion: Naringin attenuates inflammatory response, oxidative stress and NF-kB activation in experimental models of DR.

Background: Alpha-amanitin (a-AMA) plays a major role in Amanita phalloides poisoning, showing toxic effects on multi-organs, particularly on the liver and kidneys. Studies have shown a relationship between a-AMA-related injuries and reactive oxygen species.Objectives: We aimed to investigate whether there is renal injury and its relationship with oxidative stress after intraperitoneal injection of a-AMA in mice experimental poisoning models.Materials and Methods: There were 37 male BALB/c laboratory mice treated with a-AMA, according to the study groups: control group (n=7); low dose (0.2 mg/kg) (n=10); moderate dose (0.6 mg/kg) (n=10), and high dose (1 mg/kg) (n=10). The sample size was detected according to the ethical committee’s decision as well as similar studies in the literature. After a 48-hour follow-up period, all the subjects were sacrificed for pathological and biochemical assays. The study was held in Turkey.Results: a-AMA poisoning in mice results in inflammatory changes and necrosis in renal structures. There were statistically significant differences between the study groups regarding measured levels of CATALASE, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and malonyl dialdehyde in renal homogenates of mice (P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, P<0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). The TOS and TAS measurements helped to eliminate cumbersome analysis of diverse oxidant and antioxidant molecules. The TOS levels in renal homogenate of mice were significantly higher in all the intoxication groups compared to the control group (5.73, 7.02, 7.77, and 9.65 mmol trolox eq/g protein and P=0.002, P=0.001, and P=0.001, respectively). The TAS levels in moderate and high-dose groups were significantly lower than all the other groups treated with α-AMA (0.130, 0.152, 0.065, and 0.087 mmol trolox eq/g protein and P=0.031, P=0.001, and P=0.001, respectively).Conclusions: Our results indicated that a-AMA poisoning in mice led to inflammatory changes and necrosis in renal structures. Biochemical analysis showed a shift in the oxidative/anti-oxidative balance towards the oxidative status.

Background and Objectives: Peach is one the most important horticultural crops in Iran. Peach has always been considered for its high nutritional value and its taste in the world. Therefore, improving its quantity and quantity is very important. Today, substances that improve the quality and quantity of the product are very much considered, they are including materials such as hormones, nutrition elements(Ca). Nanoparticles are materials that their size are smaller than 100 nanometers. on the other hand the importance and role of calcium in improving the fruit quantity and quality are interesting for scientists. In this study, the effect of calcium nanoparticles on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of peach fruit was studied. Materials and methods: This experiment was carried out during the years 2015-2017 as a factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a commercial garden located in Hashtgerd, Karaj. In this experiment, three concentrations 0, 10 and 20 mg/l of calcium chloride nanoparticles, at the time of flower popcorn, flower budding and twenty days after flower opening were sprayed. Then, when the fruits were harvested, the soluble solids, acidity, fruit set, vitamin C content, tissue firmness, calcium content of fruit tissue, fruit length, fruit width and fruit weight were measured. Results: The results showed that calcium nanoparticles in both cultivars improved qualitative and quantitative traits. Result showed There was not significant difference between treatments and cultivars in flowering time and Calcium nanoparticles cannot have any effect on flowering time and flowering time is affected by the genetics and the environment. Treatments with calcium nanoparticles increased the fruit set rate in this study. The results showed that there was a significant difference between cultivars in length and width of fruit at 1% level, and Early Alberta fruits were larger than Valad Abadi cultivar. There was a significant difference between weight of two cultivars at 1% level and between treatments at 5% level. Early Alberta had a higher fruit weight than Valad Abadi cultivar and no difference observed between the control and treated trees. Increasing in concentration of treatment did not effective on fruit weight. On the other hand the highest amount of TSS, fruit set, vitamin C, calcium content of fruit flesh were observed in 20 mg/l concentration of calcium nanoparticle treatment. in the amount of vitamin C was significantly different between two cultivars at 1% level and between treatments at 5% level. Vitamin C in both cultivars increased with increasing treatment concentration. Among the two cultivars tested, the amount of vitamin C in early Alberta cultivar was higher than the Wald Abadi cultivar, and the highest levels of vitamin C were found in Early Alberta, at a concentration of 20 mg/l. Calcium content in fruit tissue of early Alberta cultivar was more prevalent than Wald abadi cultivar and the most effective treatments were treatment of calcium nanoparticles with concentration of 20 mg/l Calcium nanoparticles in the Valad Abadi cultivar increased the firmness of the fruit tissue, while there was no significant difference among treatments in Early Alberta cultivar. This difference can be attributed to the difference between genetically basis of the two cultivars. Calcium nanoparticles treatments did not affected the fruit length of Valad Abadi cultivar. There was no significant difference between treatments and control, while in Early Alberta, with increasing concentration of calcium nanoparticle, fruit length increased. Calcium nanoparticles treatment increased the weight in both cultivars while there was no significant difference between the concentration of 10 and 20 mg/l of calcium nanoparticles. Discussion: Calcium caused a change in the enzymatic activity of certain enzymes involved in metabolism and effective enzymes in nitrate absorption and can improve fruit quality and quantity. Calcium was considered as a binding agent between cell walls which result in higher fruit firmness and calcium nanoparticles can improve shelf life in peach fruit. calcium increases the strength of the middle blade and the cell wall by creating calcite packets, and decreases the activity of the polygalacturonase enzyme's. Calcium also reduces respiration, reduces the production of ethylene, and reduces the activity of the polyagalacturonase enzyme from appetite and softness of the fruit. Calcium increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superdioxidase, CATALASE and peroxidase and calcium treatment can improve fruit quality and quantity. Our result showed calcium nanoparticles are effective in improving peach fruit quality and quantity.

Introduction: Salinity is an important environmental tension limiting growth and productivity of plants worldwide. About 7% of the world’ s total land area is affected by different degrees of salinity. Saline soil can be defined as soil having an electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract (ECe) of 4 dSm− 1 (4 dSm− 1 ∼ 40mM NaCl) or more. The harmful effects of high salinity on plants can be observed in different levels such as the death of plants or necrosis of plant organs and/or decreases in productivity. Some tolerant plants develop mechanisms either to exclude salt from their cells or to tolerate its presence within cells. Major processes such as photosynthesis, protein synthesis, and energy and lipid metabolism are affected in plants during the beginning and development of salinity stress. Oenothera biennis L., an important medicinal plant, known as evening primrose. Organic fertilizers develop favorable physical, chemical and biological environment in the soil. They stimulate plant root growth, increase nutrient uptake and soil water-holding capacity, decreases evaporation from the soil and surface water runoff, facilitate drainage, regulate soil temperature and provide a rich substrate for soil microbes. This study was conducted to determine the effects of soil salinity and organic amendments on some growth characteristics, concentration of phosphorus, sodium and potassium and CATALASE enzyme activity in evening primrose plant (Oenothera biennis L. ). Material and methods: In a factorial experiment and completely randomized design (CRD), six levels of organic amendments (control (without soil amendments), 1. 5 and 3 g. L-1 mycorrhizal fungi, 16 and 32 mg l-1 humic acid and 25% v/v madder residue plant) and three levels of soil salinity (4, 7 and 12 dS. m-1) with three replications per treatments were applied in Mahmoodabad research field of Esfahan municipality. In this experiment, media without organic amendment was considered as control. Results and discussion: Results showed that increasing soil salinity levels progressively decreased the growth characteristics and nutrients concentration. Salinity causes growth reduction due to the low osmotic potential of the medium and by a specific ion effect as a secondary cause in several vegetable crops. The results of present study showed that the organic media can improve plant height. This can be due to increased media moisture storage and enhanced nutrient absorption. In EC = 4 dS. m-1 the highest plant height, root length and P concentration obtained in plants treated with 3 g/kg mycorrhizal fungi. Where in 7 and 12 dS. m-1 salt, organic matter showed the best effect on relative water conductivity, reducing time to flowering, increasing the P and K concentration, fresh and dry weigh of root and shoot, also ratio of dry weight to fresh weight. Mycorrhizal treatment in 7 dS. m-1 showed the highest root length. In 12 the most dry weighet of root, ratio of dry weight to fresh weight, the number of active leaves and K concentration in 16 mg/l humic acid and the most number of active leaves, chlorophyll and the lowest concentration of Na obtained in madder residue plant. Also madder residue plant reduced Na concentration in 7 and 12 dS. m-1 levels. In 12 dS. m-1 plants didn’ t show reproductive phase, but adding soil amendments caused flowering induction. Excess soluble salts in the root zone restrict plant roots from withdrawing water from surrounding soil, effectively and causes drought for the plant. The loss of photosynthesis in salt stress condition resulted in the loss of dry weight production at the leaf level of evening primrose. Generally, all treatments in all salt levels caused increasing growth and yield of plant. Conclusion: According to the results, it is cleared that in normal condition, evening primrose plant could tolerate salt stress until 7 dS. m-1 but by suitable media culture its threshold tolerate will be increased until 12 dS. m-1. Also it was revealed that all treatments could increase plant tolerate to salt stress and growth characteristics.

Recent studies have introduced seed priming with H2O2 as an effective technique to alleviate abiotic stresses in plants. In the current study, accomplished at Faculty of Sciences, Shahrekord University, seeds of medicinal plant Artemisia aucheri were primed with H2O2 (0, 10, 50, 90 and 140 mM) and grown under salt stress (0 and 150 mM NaCl) for one month. Results showed a decrease in H2O2 and malonyldialdehyde concentrations by H2O2 priming leading to diminish lipid peroxidation at the cellular level. Moreover, seed priming with H2O2 (particularly at 90 mM) increased biomass, total water content, chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoids concentrations, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity in the plants from primed seeds under both normal and saline conditions. Higher activities of superoxide dismutase and CATALASE were observed in the primed A. aucheri with 90 mM H2O2, while the activity of ascorbate peroxidase was at the maximum level at 140 mM H2O2 priming condition. Additionally, hydroxyl and super oxide radicals scavenging activities were at the maximum level in the plants from primed seeds with 90 mM H2O2. Data revealed that H2O2 priming can induce salt tolerance in A. aucheri plants by adjusting physiological and metabolic processes such as photosynthesis, ROS scavenging and detoxification and brings about an improved growth and development in this species. Furthermore, H2O2 priming at 90 mM augmented antioxidant activity and reducing power in A. aucheri suggesting an increase in its medicinal properties.

Introduction Salinity is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduces the growth, development and production of plants around the world. Stevia is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Asteraceae family. Stevia has a strong sweetening effect due to stoviol glycosides. Since the germination of stevia is poor and the seedling growth rate is slow and slow in the early stages, its evaluation to salinity stress is of special importance. Due to the increasing demand for the use of cultivars with better relative tolerance to non-living environmental stresses is increasing day by day. Also, the desirable properties of stevia for the health of the community and its sweetening and antidiabetic properties were selected for study; Due to the different roles of melatonin in the plant, this study was used to investigate its effect on the growth, physiological, morphological and biochemical traits of stevia under salinity stress. Materials and Methods In order to investigate effects of Melatonin application on Growth and Physiology and Biochemical in salinity stress in Stevia herb, a pot factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications was conducted in the research greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Mohaghegh University of Ardebily. Treatments were consisted of salinity stress at three levels (0, 50 and 100 mM) as the first factor and the application Melatonin of at three levels (0, 75, 150Mm) as the second factor. In this experiment, morphological traits including stem length, plant dry weight, stem dry weight and physiological characteristics such as photosynthetic pigment concentration, proline, ion leakage, relative leaf moisture content, soluble sugar content, CATALASE, peroxidase and antioxidant activity were investigated Results and Discussion Vegetative traits such as Stem length, dry weight Plant and dry weight Stem, were significantly decreased with increasing salinity stress. Foliar spraying Melatonin at high levels of salinity stress improved these traits compared to control plants. Also, the highest chlorophyll a, Total chlorphyll and Carotenoids content was obtained in control plants (non-salinity stress) with Foliar spraying Melatonin 150Mm which were 6. 64 and 7. 46 and 6. 24mg/g. FW, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity(2. 80%), total peroxidaz 0. 419Mg/pro/min) and proline (0. 49 mg/g. DW) and Carbohidrat(92. 65 mg/g. FW) was observed in 100 mM salinity stress treatment and application 150 Mm Melatonin. But Katalaz (9. 57 Mg/pro/min) in 100 mM salinity stress treatment and application 75Mm Melatonin was obtained. The highest relative water content (RWC) was obtained under non salinity stress conditions (control) and application of 150 Mm Melatonin, Then salinity stress cause decrease this quality but application Melatonin cause improve this quality. Maximum level electrolyt leakage leaves also was observed in 100 mM salinity stress treatment and not application Melatonin. Decreased vegetative growth due to salinity treatment is probably due to reduced photosynthetic levels as well as reduced photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll a and b, net carbon uptake, stomatal conduction and pore closure due to salinity stress Salinity and melatonin stress significantly increased the antioxidant activity of stevia leaves. According to the results of this study, it can be said that stevia is a plant sensitive to salinity stress. As increasing salinity stress levels, a significant decrease in growth indices and photosynthetic pigments is seen. The use of melatonin improved these traits under salinity stress. Increasing the amount of melatonin compensated for the damage to the plant. As the biochemical and physiological properties of the plant such as antioxidant activity, the amount of proline, total carbohydrates improved and ultimately increased plant growth; Therefore, it can be stated that melatonin consumption can increase the morphological, physiological and biochemical traits of stevia under salinity stress. The results of this study showed that salinity reduces and impairs plant growth and the use of melatonin can reduce the destructive effects of salinity to some extent and increase plant tolerance to salinity. Conclusions In general, it could be concluded that using of Melatonin under salt stress conditions can increase plant growth and improve Stevia Physiology and biochemical traits.

One of the main problems of Shiraz city’s green space is the change of color and visual quality of turf during cold months. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate tall fescue in order to find if it is suitable for replacement. This experiment was in the form of complete random blocks and it was done during two consecutive years. Each treatment had 4 repetitions. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, version 16.0, and the means were compared using t or LSD tests at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that tall fescue was superior to normal sport grass in cold months with respect to its chlorophyll, CATALASE, protein, prolin, and soluble sugar content, as well as its visual quality and root depth. Prolin fluctuations in tall fescue were very high which showed that these types of grass can increase the plant’s prolin content under stress. Therefore, there is a fivefold increase in the prolin content of the grass in cold months (cold tension) compared to the beginning of spring (best condition for growth). However, this change does not exist in sport grass. Based on the obtained results we can conclude that tall fescue can resist environmental tension, especially coldness, using different mechanisms, and is a good substitute for normal sport grass.

Background and Objectives: Chickpea is an important grain legume in Asia, and makes a significant contribution to the food and nutrition security of the people. Fusarium wilt is an important disease of chickpea, causing significant yield loss. This malady is the most important and destructive soil-borne disease of chickpea in Iran. Excessive use of chemical fungicides to control this soil-born pathogen can have adverse effects on human health and environment, and can lead to fungal resistance to fungicides. Increasing induced resistance using resistance inducers as bio-fertilizers can be considered as an alternative method to plant disease control. The use of nitroxine a bio-fertilizer containing Azosprillium and Azotobacter species as well as mycorrhizal fungi to induce systemic resistance mechanisms has been demonstrated in different plants under biotic stress. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bio-fertilizers to induce acquired resistance in chickpea plant under pathogen stress as compared to non-infected plants. Materials and Methods: The change of some antioxidant enzymes and gene expression analysis was examined to evaluate the effect of biofertilizers on increasing resistance in chickpea plants infected with Fusarium oxysporum fsp. ciceri. A factorial experiment based on complete randomized block design with three replications was conducted under greenhouse conditions in 2014. The eight treatments included: 1) Plant control without infection (sh), 2) Fusarium oxysporum (Foc), 3) Mycorrhiza (Gi), 4) Nitroxin (N), 5) Mycorrhiza+Nitroxin+Infection (GI+N+F), 6) Mycorrhiza+Nitroxin (GI+N), 6) Mycorrhiza + Fusarium oxysporum (Gi+F) and 8) Nitroxin+Fusarium (N+F). Mycorrhiza, Fusarium oxysporum and Nitroxin+Fusarium (M+F+N) were used in this study. CATALASE, Proxidase, and Polyphenoloxidase activity was assessed by spectrophotometer with corresponding wavelengths. Total RNA was isolated using an extraction kit, according to the manufacturer’ s protocol. Real-time RT-PCR was performed in a thermocycler using the following program: 5 min at 94 ° C, followed by 35 cycles of 30sec at 95° C, 30 min at 59° C and 30 min at 72 ° C, with final extension for 10min at 72° C. All acquired data were analyzed using SAS software version 9 and mean values were compared using Duncan's multiple range test. The changes of transcript level were measured via a comparative technique. Actin genes were used as internal reference. Results: Data analysis revealed that the highest rate of total phenol and protein (50/292 mg/mL) in treated plants was related to nitroxin and mycorrhiza treatments, respectively. The greatest change in all three enzymes was observed in mycorrhiza treatment 72h after plant infection. Mean comparison of gene expression data at different time intervals showed a high expression level 72h after plant infection in mycorrhizal application. Our results indicated that the maximum effect of bio-fertilizer application occurred 72h following plant infection with the pathogen. Application of both biofertilizers without Fusarium infection did not show any significant change in the expression level of the two tested gene. Discussion: Biofertilizer agents can improve plant growth through several different mechanisms such as protecting the plant under stressful conditions and defense against plant pathogen which can lead to reduced disease and death. The increase of total phenol and protein as the precursor of plant defense mechanism through apply biofertilizers in infected plants indicated the efficiency of these compounds to reduce disease. Antioxidant enzymes as a biomarker were used to evaluate the effect of exogenic compounds on increasing plant resistance against biotic stress. As with a similar work, we found a correlation between biofertilizer application and enzyme activity. Other parameters such as phenotypic characters and yield components can be used as a marker to investigate the effect of biofertilizers in these domains. Analysis of variance of the data related to gene expression confirmed the efficiency of biofertilizers on inducing resistance. Based on our results, we recommended use of biofertilizers in a single or mixture form to improve growth conditions in stressed plants especially under biotic stress. To make the bio-fertilizer more efficient in the field, a coordinated work by different science domains as bacteriology, chemistry, genetics, and agronomy as well as farmers as bio-fertilizer consumers seems necessary. This coordination could facilitate the adaptation of fungi and bacterium-based bio-fertilizers to different agriculture systems.