In the current paper, we have studied the effect of dark energy on formation where dark energy exists in the background. For this purpose, we used both WMAP9 and Planck data to study how the radius changes with redshift in these models. We used different data sets to fix the cosmological parameters to obtain a solution for a spherical region under collapse. The mechanism of structure formation for dark and Baryonic matter is different. When processed by gravitational instability, density perturbations have given rise to collapsed dark matter structures, called halos. These dark matter halos offer the backdrop for the subsequent formation of all collapsed Baryonic structures, including stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters. In Planck Data for Λ CDM, with the presence of dark energy in the background, the formation of Baryonic matter is delayed. Therefore, it is a factor for the largening of the Baryonic matter radius. Accompanying dark energy is entailing an increment of dark matter virial radius. For WACDM Data, dark energy alongside time-dependent parameter of state and baryon Acoustic oscillations are the reasons for the delay of dark matter formation and the radius reduction. Due to the lack of data without Baryonic Acoustic Waves in the background, we are left unable to delineate its impact on the structures. In WCDM(BAO+H0) and WCDM(H0), the lack of BAO shows a critical role in the delaying of Baryonic matter structure formation. Respectively, it causes growing virial radius of dark matter. BAO, without taking dark energy into accounts, is the reason for the increasing and decresing of radius of dark and Baryonic matter. It also delays Baryonic matter formation. In Λ CDM(BAO+H0) and Λ CDM(H0), We have studied Λ CDM data for standard model under two circumstances: (a) Λ CDM(BAO + H0), (b) Λ CDM(H0) data. Dark energy in this data delays formation and intensifies virial radius of Baryonic matter. Our studies show WCDM and Λ CDM have the same effect on formation if we do not consider dark energy in BG. Planck data, in comparing with WMAP, has important role in describing standard model.

The use of Acoustic Waves in researches related to sea water is of most importance among scientists recently. Since these Waves are the only Waves, transmitted in water with lowest attenuation and high speed, they can be used in many scientific fields. The main goal of this research is to better understand the physics and mechanisms of sound-seabed interaction, including Acoustic penetration, propagation, attenuation and scattering in marine sediments using a laboratory study approach. Sound backscattering from water sediments at central frequencies1, 2.25, 5, 10 and 15 MHz was studied in controlled laboratory conditions. Six kinds of sediments, from very coarse sands to fine sands, were degassed, and their surface was flattened. In these conditions, the sediment granular structure can be considered as the only controlling mechanism of backscattering. Comparison of frequency dependencies of backscatter for the six sediments with different mean grain sizes shows that in which frequencies we have the maximum backscattering sensitivity to the sediment mean grain diameter, and frequency-dependent attenuation will be shown.

In this research, the dispersion properties of magneto-Acoustic Waves in a plasma in the presence of quantum effects are studied. For this purpose, we employ a system of quantum fluid equations and Maxwell equations to derive a generalized dispersion relation. Our analytical results show that the wave frequency is modified by quantum corrections. Also, numerical estimations reveal that the effects of thermal aspects dominate compared to the magnetic and quantum effects. Further, except for very short wavelengths, our findings show that quantum effects can be ignored compared to the thermal and magnetic effects. Finally, the results of some special limiting cases are discussed.

Diesel exhaust particles are a complex mixture of thousands of gases and fine substances that contain more than 40 different environmental contaminants. Being exposed to these exhaust particles (called soot) can cause lung damage and respiratory problems. Diesel particulate filters are used in many countries for mobile sources as a legal obligation to decrease harmful effect of these fine particles. The size range of these particles is varied from 0.01 to 1 mm. Moreover, it takes a long time to be settled when they are outspread in atmosphere. In this paper, homogeneous plane standing Waves are used to coagulate nano particles in order to achieve larger size which has a better gravitational settling. It means that fine particles are converted into a large one. Theoretical mechanisms are studied which led to experimental results in 155 (db) and 160 (db). The results show that Acoustic precipitators have a good performance in removing fine particles in diesel exhaust. Additionally, they indicate that at high pressure levels, the system has high efficiency for removing fine particles

The removal of fine particles less than 2.5 mm in diameter generated from industrial plants represents a serious challenge in air pollution abatement. These particles can penetrate deeply into the lungs and are difficult to remove by cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, and other conventional separation devices.In this paper, the influence of Acoustic Waves on removing aerosol particles from gas flue is studied. The mechanism of this effect includes the coagulation of nanometer particles to each other and forms larger particles. Moreover, these particles adhere to the wall of the test-rig pipe by the Acoustic precipitation mechanism. Therefore, the particles are separated from the gas flue. Experiments are carried out on particle sized in the range of 260-3000 nm. Micro-sphere particles immersed in the air are subjected to homogeneous plane standing-Waves at frequencies ranging from 100 Hz up to 2 kHz and a pressure level of 120 to 150 dB.At high pressure levels, the results indicate that the system has high efficiency for removing fine particles.

In this paper with use of Particle in Cell (PIC) simulation method in one dimension the dynamic of ion Acoustic soliton is studied. in this method the ions are monitored as particles and the electrons are assumed to be in thermal equilibrium. The dispersion relation of ion Acoustic Waves is investigated. The results are in good agreement with analytical results showing that in linear regime our code works correctly. Considering the solution of nonlinear KdV equation as initial perturbation, the propagation of ion Acoustic soliton is studied. It is shown that the shape and the velocity of ion Acoustic soliton is preserved during propagation through the plasma.

Thermocline layer have remarkable effects on Acoustic propagation in Persian Gulf environment. So far, no comprehensive research has been conducted to explore thermocline layer, especially its characteristics including top, thickness, and thermal gradient of thermocline in Persian Gulf. Besides, effects of thermocline on underwater Acoustic propagation including transmission loss and sound channel formation in Persian Gulf have not been investigated as most studies to date have focused on the effect of thermocline on transmission loss in low frequencies, while high frequencies have been studied less. Accordingly, this study attempts to shed light on these ambiguities. ROPMI Cruise measurement data collected during summer (August) of 2001 in Persian Gulf were used in this study. To simulate the Acoustic propagation, ray-tracing theory was also applied to make possible an analysis of high frequencies. Results showed that presence of thermocline layer have remarkable effects on transmission loss. Increasing the gradient in thermocline layer will raise transmission loss.

For calculating the Acoustic pressure due to sound propagation at sea using usual methods (pressure variations signals), knowing the density distribution and consequently, changes the speed of sound in the environment is very important. Many environmental factors affect the distribution of the density at sea, depending on environmental conditions and geographic locations and the weaknesses of each of them are different. One of them is internal Waves which usually cause temporal and spatial changes and consequently affect the Acoustic wave propagation in the ocean. Internal Waves can be generated by tidal currents over sea floor sloping that is very common in the stratified oceans. Results of study in some researches showed that internal Waves can affect the sound Waves in two ways: 1-Internal Waves can decrease sound level up to 25 dB due to sound mode coupling in an exact frequency.2- Internal Waves can focus and defocus sound Waves because of sound speed fluctuation. The purpose of this study is a laboratory investigation of internal Waves caused by oscillation of a cylinder in a stratified glass channel with 3 meters long, 0.5 meter width and 1 meter height, on the sound Waves propagation. In this study, using the double bucket and filling box method for generating stratification that is measured by one pair of salinity and temperature meters fixed on a rail that can move up and down. Using the usual methods of setting up internal Waves and using Acoustical transducers in 53 kHz frequency, internal wave's effects on the propagation of sound Waves, were investigated. In this study with usual optical method (Synthetic Schlieren) the internal Waves generated in the tank can be detected. In this method internal wave generated in the glass tank change optical index of water layers and cased deviation of the image straight lines designed on the back of tank. Laboratory results showed that sound Waves can be focused and defocused due to the normal modes of internal Waves. Some 9 experiments were done mainly in cases with vertical linear density stratified fluid. As the modal structure of internal Waves in the water tank change due to the Waves, constant density surfaces change slopes, hence changing the sound ray's paths and the amount of signals reaching the receivers. Similar results of numerical simulation also show similar behavior in the strength of the Acoustic signal. The numerical simulation were done by AcTUP v2.2L software that use KERAKENC method based on normal mode method. The Acoustic signal can be weakened up to 54 per cent depending on the degree of sound ray divergence. We can conclude that in the laboratory tank in this study internal Waves can affect the sound Waves by focusing and defocusing and not by mode coupling. Similar behaviors can be expected in the open ocean as the existence of internal Waves is ubiquitous. For this goal dimensionless numbers should be use. Bowen (1993) showed that for simulating a sound Waves interaction with a phenomenon in laboratory scale we can use ka=k' a'. With this formula we can compare laboratory results with real results in oceans.