Makassar is one of the metropolitan cities located in Indonesia which recently experiences massive an increased construction because of population growth. Mapping the spatial distribution and development of the BUILT-up region is the best method that can use as an indicator to set the urban planning policy. The purpose of this study is to identify changes in land use and density in Makassar City that occurred in 2013 and 2017 primarily for BUILT areas, including settlements using optical data, especially Landsat data. The data analyzed by using multi-temporal Landsat OLI 8 data taken from 2013 to 2017. Normalized Difference BUILT-Up Index (NDBI), Urban Index (UI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are the spectral indices produced from Landsat OLI band covering Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) wavelength, visible Red (R) and Near Infrared (NIR) areas that can be revealed by examining changes in land use and area cover. The result shows that both spectral indices namely NDBI and UI indicate an increased BUILT-up area approximately 18 and 6%, respectively over four years. Also, based on NDBI reveals that most an increased BUILT-up area distributes in the north of Makassar (Biringkanaya sub-district), meanwhile UI shows that Biringkanaya and Manggala sub-districts experience an increased BUILT-up area. The development of the city will also never be separated from the history of city growth, current conditions, and the growth of the town to come. The phenomenon of the development of the town will include the development of city elements in detail, aspects of the shape of the town and the development of city regulations.

BUILT environment does not “simply appear overnight, like a movie-set springing up on a vacant lot, but has to be produced”. Thus, the first point in dealing with such an environment is considered to be the tracing of time in the evaluation of the city and keeping in mind that the whole is more than its parts. The last point becomes naturally understood when the process of city building is probed; because the notion of process in itself comprises the relatedness among the socio-cultural events that resulted in urban artefacts. This also means considering a large number of factors, especially socio-cultural ones, involved in this process. By doing this, we can relate the physical environment with the social, “relating the world of artefacts with the world of people” – who BUILT and used them Considering this argument, the paper examines structural elements influences on the development and use of urban space in Qatar-chyan quarter, Sanandaj, Iran as a historical narrative. It is argued that the existence of Dara-bayan River, socio-political role of the Wakils’ family and Ulama (educated people with religious backgrounds), and the continuation of principal route, through the residential segregation, formed and drove the phases of quarter’s development and defined the main socio-spatial structural elements of the quarter. The paper then proceeds to examine those structural elements as they were before overall influences of modernism in Iranian context, especially before the first cross-roads of the city in 1930. The paper concludes that, in defining and conceptualising the structural elements of a particular BUILT environment, it is difficult to rely on one factor. While the role of nature as form giver is an important factor, we can not undermine other soft factors, especially socio-cultural ones. This defines the nature of BUILT form which comprises both the realms of the physical and the social and multi-dimensions background namely as socio-spatial factors.

Differential Cascode Voltage Switch (DCVS) is one of the most well-known logic styles, which forms a robust structure. In addition, two complementary outputs are produced in this logic style at the same time. It has several unique attributes and different applications. This paper presents three comparable methods to design some ternary half adders, whose efficiencies are superior especially when they are put one after another in a cascading scenario. These cells are essential for the realization of larger arithmetic circuits. In the third proposed method, instead of ternary inverters, which consume considerable static power, BUILT-in low-power binary boosters are exploited to reinforce driving power of the DCVS circuits. Simulation results by HSPICE and 32 nm Carbon Nanotube Field Effect Transistor (CNFET) technology demonstrate that the new adder cell with binary boosters operates 21. 8% faster and consume 6. 7% less power than the cell with ternary inverters in a real test bed. Furthermore, the final design is compared with three other ternary half adders. The new design is faster than all of them, and also consumes less power and energy than the previous DCVS half adder.

Although many environmental problems such as pollution shortage of natural resources and damages to the environment are apparently results of mans unplanned and wrong use of nature the root of the problems should be sought from neglecting the spirituality and (symbolic) meaning of nature and its elements which have been considered in all traditional cultures. The quantitative thought predominated over the modern era (like modern architecture which considers buildings and cities as machines) approaches the nature as a machine from which the maximum economic and material efficiency is the final aim.Researching the hypothesis which considers effects of promotion and revitalization of spiritual culture on protecting environment and elements deals with three main components. "culture" "natural elements" and "geographical place". In this research "Iranian culture" "water" and "Iran" are respectively selected as justifications of the above mentioned components. The mechanical school of thought takes into water as a part of the machine of existence by which human physiological and material needs can be responded. Whereas by paying attention to different degrees of human life (spiritual mental and material) and by considering the importance of spiritual and mental aspects of human life everything in the world is meaningful. Being away of the fact that nature and natural elements have (symbolic and spiritual) meanings will help straighten and enrich in addition to being a guide in the quantitative field in relation to nature. Basic subjects in Iranian culture will be considered in this paper. Moreover the paper endeavors to investigate the ways of getting benefits from historical experiments by which besides solving material problems human life will be meaningful. The main titles (subjects) of the paper are as follows: "introduction and generalities" "spiritual aspects of water in Iranian culture" "water in Iranian architectural and urban spaces" "water and its related architectural elements" "present situation" and "conclusion and suggestions".

Introduction: In the last decades, the earth’ s surface has experienced various changes due to some obscure reason being caused by human activities consisting of deforestation and cities expansion. These widespread human changes pose several adverse problems. For instance, an environmental qualitative decrease which culminates in the reduction of living quality is the result of these adverse changes. Warming of the urban environment owing to oblivious effects of unstable urban expansion, replacing of natural land cover with urbanization phenomena, inter alia, pavements, buildings, concrete and other urban constructions, are discerned as the main factors of creating heat island, which cause the vanishing of land surface cooling effects. Moreover, skyscrapers and narrow streets diminish the airflow and give rise to an increase in the environment temperature. The remote sensing images are known as an appropriate information source for preparing heat maps and also benefiting from widespread applications for the precise investigation of climate changes and urban and non-urban land use changes, due to the continuous and extensive coverage, timeliness and the ability to acquire information in the reflective and thermal range of electromagnetic waves. The population of Babol city steadily increase as a result of population growth and villagers’ emigration and bring about excessive and unplanned constructions, alteration in the physical model of the city and finally expansion of the city in various directions. Physical expansion leads to numerous changes in urban land use and suburbs agricultural uses. Consequently, several serious problems occur including adversity in uses, the urban environment disorder as well as the vanishing of suburbs agricultural lands and their land use change into urban uses (residential, industrial and etc. ). One of the adverse effects of urban physical expansion, declining of green space and changing of agricultural land use into the urban land use is the rise in the surface temperature. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Babol city expansion on changes in temperature classes and the thermal effects of BUILT-up and non-BUILT-up lands on each other during the period of 1985-2015. Materials & Methods: For this purpose, multi-temporal Landsat images were used in this study. For calculating the land surface temperature, ingle channel algorithm were used, and Maximum likelihood algorithm was also applied to classify images. Therefore, land use changes and land surface temperatures (LST) were examined, and thereby the relationship between land-use changes was analyzed with the land surface temperature. Surface temperature changes map for the period of 1985-2015 was prepared and analyzed regarding land use changes map for the study area to investigate the effects of land use changes on surface temperatures changes. By using the mean and standard deviation of normalized thermal images, the area was divided into three thermal classes. The status of each land use in the specified thermal classes and the impact of surface temperature in BUILT-up and non-BUILT-up lands on each other were investigated. Results & Discussion: The results indicate that most land use changes in the studied area belong to the change of agricultural and green space uses into BUILT-up use in suburbs, which are 740. 52 and 472. 14 hectares, respectively. As it was shown through the findings, 92% rise was observed for the BUILT-up use area. These changes are more significant in the periphery of the city. The use of green space has risen from 1656. 55 hectares in 1985 to 2036. 52 hectares in 2015, which shows an increase of 23 percent. The trend of growing the use of green space on the periphery of the city is clearly characterized by the conversion of agricultural land to citrus gardens. The growth of the use of green space is less than the growth rate of BUILT-up use. The BUILT-up use has experienced a significant growth trend over the study period, as area of BUILT-up use has risen from 19% in 1985 to 52. 52% of the area in the studied area in 2015. The results of the LST mean survey of land use types for the study area show that the BUILT-up lands than the other lands have the highest LST for all years. Water lands have the lowest LST owing to the high water heat capacity. In most of the years, arable land has a lower LST mean than green space land, which is mainly due to the high moisture of the arable land and the greater activity of evapotranspiration. Most changes in surface temperature of the area are related to the distance of 0-800 meters of BUILT-up area. The main reason could be the conversion of the agricultural and green space lands into the BUILT-up lands in the area. The most prevalent temperature class in all years is the medium temperature class which covers the suburb lands. The hot temperature class is more highlighted in the center of the city, streets and ways out of the city. Although the adjacent of the city is covered by medium temperature class, cold temperature class are located far from the BUILT-up urban area. Cold temperature class which follows a decreasing trend, is related to lands which are far away from the city. Also, hot temperature class at which the area increases annually, is adjacent to the city core and exit ways of the town. The highest temperature changes belong to areas which transformed from the other uses into BUILT-up use during the past 30 years. Due to human activities which produce heat, the area which has remained in the form of BUILT-up land use during this time period has had a noticeable temperature rise. Green space and agricultural areas which have not transformed into other land uses benefit from the least temperature changes during this time period. On account of growing of BUILT-up land use, an increase has occurred in the area of hot temperature classes and a decrease in the area of cold temperature categories. BUILT-up lands have direct effect on their adjacent land surface temperature. The results of the survey with regard to arable lands and green space in different temperature classes indicate that the areas of green space and arable lands, located above the upper temperature, are proportional to areas of the land that are located in lower temperature classes and they are located in the average distance closer to the BUILT-up lands. In other words, the green space and arable lands that are located closer to the BUILT-up lands have higher temperature relative to the green space and arable lands which are far from the BUILT-up lands. Also, green space lands which are located in urban environments have a higher temperature in proportion to the area of the green space lands adjacent the city owing to the high temperature of their surrounding areas. Green space lands in the urban environment, which have no high area, are more affected and classified into hot temperature classes. BUILT-up lands, which are located in the urban environment and adjacent to the green space, also has a lower average surface temperature than the green space, and sometimes located in the middle temperature class. This refers to the effect of moderating surface temperatures in BUILT-up lands by green space lands. Conclusions: As a result, non-BUILT-up lands with higher temperature classes are in a lower average distance from BUILT-up lands compared to those with lower temperature classes. BUILT-up lands in the adjacent agricultural and green space lands have lower surface temperature compared to other BUILT-up lands. As a result, these lands are considered to be medium temperature class. The results of this study showed the importance of planning and management for preserving agricultural and green space lands and preventing them from being transformed into BUILT-up lands which increases the surface temperature and negative environmental impacts.

Steel BUILT-up batten columns are common types of columns in Iran and some other parts of the world.They are economic and have acceptable performance due to gravity loads. Although several researches have been conducted on the behavior of the batten columns under axial loads, there are few available articles about their seismic performance. Experience of the past earthquakes, particularly the 2003 Bam earthquake in Iran, revealed that these structural members are seismically vulnerable. Thus, investigation on seismic performance of steel batten columns due to seismic loads and providing a method for retrofitting them are important task in seismic-prone areas.This study aims to investigate the behavior of concrete filled batten columns due to combined axial and lateral loads. To this end, nonlinear static analyses were performed using ANSYS software. Herein, the behaviors of the steel batten columns with and without concrete core were compared. The results of this study showed that concrete-filled steel batten columns, particularly those filled with high-strength concrete, may cause significant increases in energy absorption and capacity of the columns.Furthermore, concrete core may improve post-buckling behavior of steel batten columns.

Schools are the gathering place and places for the social activity of students and like the beating heart, are the centers for all forces, events, and the gathering place of values. They play an important social role in the collective life of students. As a place of communication, the school must have a wide range of qualities to allow people to interact and ultimately promote learning. The purpose of this article is to interpret and analyze the strategies and principles adopted to establish social interaction in school to promote learning by reviewing studies on the sociopetality of space. This is an applied research study in terms of purpose that uses descriptive-analytical methodology. The required data were collected using desk research and a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of a panel of experts, and the samples are randomly selected. The effective social interaction components were then analyzed and prioritized based on the questionnaire indicators using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The collected questionnaires were analyzed using the Expert Choice software. The results showed that the mental criteria had the highest importance coefficient and the physical criterion had the lowest importance coefficient. On the other hand, the prioritization of sub-indicicators showed that the sub-indicators of "length of stay" belonged to the behavioral criterion, and the sub-indicators of "accessibility of public space", such as class, belonging to the physical criterion, had the highest importance. The reason is that an improvement in these criteria will lead to greater student satisfaction and increased social interaction.