Makassar is one of the metropolitan cities located in Indonesia which recently experiences massive an increased construction because of population growth. Mapping the spatial distribution and development of the BUILT-up region is the best method that can use as an indicator to set the urban planning policy. The purpose of this study is to identify changes in land use and density in Makassar City that occurred in 2013 and 2017 primarily for BUILT areas, including settlements using optical data, especially Landsat data. The data analyzed by using multi-temporal Landsat OLI 8 data taken from 2013 to 2017. Normalized Difference BUILT-Up Index (NDBI), Urban Index (UI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) are the spectral indices produced from Landsat OLI band covering Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) wavelength, visible Red (R) and Near Infrared (NIR) areas that can be revealed by examining changes in land use and area cover. The result shows that both spectral indices namely NDBI and UI indicate an increased BUILT-up area approximately 18 and 6%, respectively over four years. Also, based on NDBI reveals that most an increased BUILT-up area distributes in the north of Makassar (Biringkanaya sub-district), meanwhile UI shows that Biringkanaya and Manggala sub-districts experience an increased BUILT-up area. The development of the city will also never be separated from the history of city growth, current conditions, and the growth of the town to come. The phenomenon of the development of the town will include the development of city elements in detail, aspects of the shape of the town and the development of city regulations.

Extended abstract Introduction Nowadays, crime is one of the core problems in human societies, especially in cities. This is a problem that human community with all the advances and abilities failed to control up to now. Criminologists have often considered several factors in criminology theory for instance ENVIRONMENT and ENVIRONMENTal characteristics that played a crucial role in criminal impetus and motivation in urban spaces. Also, there is theoretical and empirical literature in the field of criminology highlighting noteworthy relationships between several indicators of BUILT ENVIRONMENT and crime patterns. ...

The concept of social capital views the relationships and interactions of individuals, characterized by quality or quantity, as an asset, trying to use this asset to tackle problems in different areas. This concept is deemed a reliable measure, particularly in the residential neighborhoods context. This study discusses social capital in the form of a model for traditional communities of Iran and, by proposing indicators for social and BUILT ENVIRONMENT of the communities, explores their relationship with the components of social capital in the framework of a model of social capital, defined at community level and characterized by three cognitive, behavioral and psychological components. Social ENVIRONMENT indicators include the administrative system (control and management, self-sufficiency) and the social composition, while the BUILT ENVIRONMENT indicators consist of diversity and function, composition and structure, architecture and design. Given the complexity of the concept of social capital and the fact that BUILT ENVIRONMENT does not directly create social capital, the study demonstrates that the control and management system of traditional communities is in accordance with the component of empowerment in the social capital model. On the other hand, the self-sufficiency of communities and their social composition affect the sense of community. In other words, social interactions increase by the consistency of demographic patterns and the self-sufficiency of communities, which means their ability to meet the daily and weekly needs of residents through their various functions. Along with the enhancement of social interactions, the sense of community is promoted and the component of neighboring among inhabitants is strengthened. Briefly, the social ENVIRONMENT can affect the behavioral components of social capital (neighboring) in addition to its positive impact on both cognitive component of social capital (empowerment and sense of community). The BUILT ENVIRONMENT of communities possess a variety of components and functions. The diversity of functions led to the emergence of self-sufficient communities in terms of meeting the needs of inhabitants, while the function of components was beyond mere functional roles; they therefore sometimes played a social role (e. g. the mosque and neighborhood square) and provided a suitable basis for the active presence of residents at community level. In other words, the correct prediction of social needs of residents and appropriate responsiveness in the BUILT ENVIRONMENT provided the inhabitants with spaces necessary for their social activities at community level. On the other hand, the architecture and design of elements, precise prediction or embedment of components (frontispiece, hoods, etc. ), selection of materials and creation of spatial qualities (dimensions, proportions, differences, etc. ) are factors that increase social interactions and promote the residents’ sense of attachment to the community. At a higher level, the overall structure of community, composition of components, organization and location of functions such as house, passage and square are aimed to increase social interactions. Consequently, the BUILT ENVIRONMENT of communities specifically affect the sense of community (cognitive component), neighboring (behavioral component) and sense of attachment (psychological component) by: (1) increasing the level of social interaction, and (2) enhancing the sense of belonging to the community.

Relation between culture and ENVIRONMENT of setting is a subject that many researches focused on, in the entire world. In this vein, Amos Rapaport known as pioneer that he focused on the home. Moreover, he investigates the effective cultural element on formation of space setting specially, in vernacular instance. He has created a three step approach including: separation, analysis, and combination. Based on this approach, first cultural related factors at home separated to smaller elements, second these components are analyzed one by one, and finally they are combining and describe in general view about this subject. So, by selecting the Naghshine house form the Ghajar era, this paper aim to use this process. In the research process flow, first based on citation interview are done and the list of current behavior instance are extracted. Then, based on current behavior setting, existing spaces at home are analyzed part by part. Finally, home generality are described based on cultural setting. In this paper we use qualitative approach and the research methodology done based on historical-descriptive way. Data collection was done based on documental and field study and semi-structure interview with survivor owners of home. The results indicated that correlation between culture and ENVIRONMENT in Naghshine house are based on matched of four elements: space, time, meaning, and communications. In this house it seems that time and space organizing have compatibility with different level of social communications. Meaning has a navigator role for other aspects. In fact, it can be said the set of Naghshine house are combination of social, religion, usual, biological… The emerging of the meaning is formed in the behavioral setting and in the following in the space and the physical setting. Relation between culture and ENVIRONMENT of setting is a subject that many researches focused on, in the entire world. In this vein, Amos Rapaport known as pioneer that he focused on the home. Moreover, he investigates the effective cultural element on formation of space setting specially, in vernacular instance. He has created a three step approach including: separation, analysis, and combination. Based on this approach, first cultural related factors at home separated to smaller elements, second these components are analyzed one by one, and finally they are combining and describe in general view about this subject. So, by selecting the Naghshine house form the Ghajar era, this paper aim to use this process. In the research process flow, first based on citation interview are done and the list of current behavior instance are extracted. Then, based on current behavior setting, existing spaces at home are analyzed part by part. Finally, home generality are described based on cultural setting. In this paper we use qualitative approach and the research methodology done based on historical-descriptive way. Data collection was done based on documental and field study and semi-structure interview with survivor owners of home. The results indicated that correlation between culture and ENVIRONMENT in Naghshine house are based on matched of four elements: space, time, meaning, and communications. In this house it seems that time and space organizing have compatibility with different level of social communications. Meaning has a navigator role for other aspects. In fact, it can be said the set of Naghshine house are combination of social, religion, usual, biological… The emerging of the meaning is formed in the behavioral setting and in the following in the space and the physical setting.

After two decades of focused global efforts on the link between the physical ENVIRONMENT and health, while most of these studies have focused on the objective components of obesity and obesity, there is little research to improve mental health, especially in the country Iran. Accordingly, the present paper attempts to provide a research agenda for urban designers by reviewing the narrative of empirical literature and empirical evidence, and outlining the main challenges and ambiguities that research faces. A variety of databases and search engines such as Google Scholar, Pop Fashion, Scopus and Web of Science have been used to find articles. Selected articles were chosen on the basis of subject relevance, number of citations, and recent findings. Of the selected studies, 72, 25, and 3 percent, respectively, were published between 2010 and 2009, prior to 2000 and 2009, with an average of 151, 676, and 284 citations, respectively. The complexity of understanding mental health disorders coupled with the lack of conclusive results makes it difficult to justify and advocate the integration of urban mental health policies for societies that place economics and speculation at the top of policymaking. Although it is clear that physical components and cities are affecting the improvement or deterioration of mental health, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. In addition, there are few studies that have measured the effectiveness and effectiveness of urban policies on mental health...

Physical ENVIRONMENT has an important role in altering the behavior of human beings. In each BUILT ENVIRONMENT, the mental decision to offend is significantly influenced by perceived risk of being caught. Appropriate ENVIRONMENTal design can prevent criminal behavior. Crime Prevention through ENVIRONMENTal Design (CPTED) is an architectural method for BUILT ENVIRONMENT design, which is effective in deterring criminal behavior and improving social security. CPTED strategies enhance the mental perceived risk of apprehension by appropriately designing the BUILT ENVIRONMENT. Guardianship, access control, territorial reinforcement, ENVIRONMENTal health, and development of pedestrian and bicycle paths are the most important CPTED strategies. However, it is not a panacea for preventing criminal behavior, but can be a neuropsychiatric and cognitive tool in deterring them, and increasing social security.

Human beings are constantly interacting with their surrounding ENVIRONMENT. This interaction tends to adapt the surrounding ENVIRONMENT to human inner context (culture) and eliminate undesirable ENVIRONMENTal tensions. As an important and specific component of culture, ‘Lifestyle’ plays an important role in human and ENVIRONMENTal adaptation. “Lifestyle” has number of manifest and hidden aspects that influence the BUILT ENVIRONMENT and constantly change it. Based on the concept of “affordance” and “meaning”, this study describes the “human and ENVIRONMENT adaptation” through the analysis of Qashqai dwellings. The theoretical framework of this study is based on ‘ENVIRONMENTal adaptation to human lifestyle’. The adaptation of human and ENVIRONMENT happens under the influence of values, human mental meanings and affordances. In order to study human and ENVIRONMENTal adaptation aspects, the structure of the BUILT and natural ENVIRONMENT, the structure of lifestyle, and finally the structure of meanings have been analyzed. Human and ENVIRONMENT adaptation is a creative issue, with affordance-meaning continuous adaptation as its central component. Changes in the BUILT ENVIRONMENT are reflections of the continuous evaluation and adaptation of affordance-meaning. The findings, in addition to providing a theoretical structure for studies of man-ENVIRONMENT relation and introducing human and ENVIRONMENTal adaptation properties, help to understand why people form their ENVIRONMENTs and dwellings in a particular fashion.

Urban morphology started to take place as an organized field of knowledge at the end of the nineteenth century (Whitehand, 2007: 1). Regarding the variety of forces that shape cities, it is natural to accept this field of knowledge as an interdisciplinary field. Urban morphology is briefly defined as:The study of the form of cities over the time (Scheer, 2002: 106).The field that studies the process of city building and its products (Moudon, 1998: 141).The study of the physical (or BUILT) fabric of urban form, and the people and processes shaping it (Jones and Larkham, 1991: 55).Focusing on the positive revaluation of the urban fabric through different routes, three schools in Europe began to elaborate theories for the understanding of BUILT ENVIRONMENT and the relation between its elements. These schools are briefly discussed below…