Electrochemically generated iron can remove most contaminants present in WATER and waste WATER, by precipitation, adsorption, electrostatic interaction, and complex formation (generally called electro coagulation- EC). In the present paper, pretreatment of BRACKISH WATER having high total hardness (TH), alkalinity (A), SO2-4 and Cl- ions, is studied by application of a DC-electrical current to the iron electrodes. Operating parameters such as electrical current density, volume flow, surface area of electrodes, distance between the two electrodes, WATER temperature, aerating flow, retention time, contact time of produced sludge before and after the process, addition of coagulant aid (bentonite) and the colloidal additive(clay particles) were optimized. The results of this study for a BRACKISH sample with 11.8TH, 5.6 HCO3- (A), 12.4 SO2-4, and 23.5 Cl- meq/lit indicate that the process is able to lower more than %94 the (TH), %92 (.4), %50 SO2-4 and %43 Cl-.

This paper presents a detailed thermodynamical exergy analysis of an optimized MSF distillation plant based on the latest published thermodynamics properties of WATER and seaWATER software of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by using design and optimized plant operation data. Exergy flow rates are evaluated throughout the plant and the exergy flow diagram is prepared in both cases. The rates of exergy destruction and their percentages are indicated on the diagram so that the locations of each exergy destruction can easily be identified. The study concludes that as a result of an optimization, making the MSFD unit once-through cooling system to recirculating type by using cooling tower system, the unit's exergy destruction pattern changes meaningfully. Besides, in the three exist thermal desalination plants up to 53 percent of feed WATER, i.e.; 667 m3/h and the same amount of reject WATER can be conserved. Though, with this modification, the unit steam consumption has been increased up to 13 ton/h, about 50 percent of design. Moreover, the detail of the study showed that the exergy destruction can be reduced more than 39% in the pumps, and 30% in blowdown and around 29% in distillate streams. For brine heater, an enhance as small as 0.37% is also achieved. In the other hand, the rate of destruction of exergy increased around 25% in the cooling process and above 5% in the evaporators.

This paper presents a total of 11 known crustacean parasite species from 51 host species belonging to 7 families, with 17 genera reported from cultured and wild fishes in three faunal regions of Iran. Among them, one belonging to Branchiura order, namely Argulus foliaceus, was found on Capoeta capoeta in Makoo Reservoir as well as on Cyprinus carpio, Chalcalburnus sp., Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and Mastacembelus mastacembelus in Zarivar Lake. The other 10 species belonging to Copepoda order include 1) Ergasilus sieboldi, found on the gills of 2) Barbus sharpeyi, B. luteus, Aspius vorax and Cyprinus carpio; 3) E. peregrinus on Ctenopharyngodon idella and Leuciscus cephalus in Khandaqloo Reservoir; 4) Lamproglena compacta and 5) L. polchella on the gills of infected fish species inhabiting Tigris, Caspian and Oriental Regions of Iran. 6) Tracheliastes longicollis on the fins of Capoeta capoeta and Leuciscus cephalus; 7) T. polycolpus on the fins of Capoeta trutta, C. capoeta and Leuciscus cephalus in WATER bodies situated in Azerbaijan Province (Caspian Region) and Kurdistan Province (Tigris Region), 8) Achtheres percarum on the skin and fins of Sander lucioperca and Perca fluviatilis in Anzali Lagoon and Sefid-rud River in North of Iran (Caspian Region); 9) Pseudotracheliastes stellatus on the skin of acipenserids in Caspian Sea and finally 10) the most economically significant parasite, Lernaea cyprinacea, which is commonly found on cultured cyprinids in ponds and natural WATER bodies. Furthermore, several unknown crustacean species belong to both orders identified to genus level, which need further study for a detailed description. Geographical distribution as well as host ranges of the mentioned parasites are presented and discussed.

In the present investigation a total of six parasite species, some eye-specific and others non-organ specific parasites were found in the eyes of 48 examined fish species, collected from fresh and BRACKISH WATERs of Iran during 2004-2006. Ichthyophthirius multifiliis was isolated from the external surface of the eyes of Oncorhynchus mykiss, Gyrodactylus stankovici from Cyprinus carpio and Lernaea cyprinacea from Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. In the vitreous humor parasite species were Tylodelphys clavata (metacercaria) observed in H. molitrix, Alhurnus alburnus, Carassius auratus, Cyprinus carpio, Chondrostoma regium, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Capoeta capoela, and Ornithodiplostomum sp. (metacercaria) in Aphanius vladykovi. Diplostomum spathaceum (metacercaria) was found in the lens of eyes of 40 out of 48 fish species. Among parasite species identified, Tylodelphys clavata and Ornithodiplosrtomum sp. are recorded in Iran for the first time. Additionally, the geographical distribution and host range of Diploslomum spathaceum metacercaria is also presented in this study.

Seven species of fish (Catla catla, Cirrhinus mrigala, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophthalmicthys molitrix, Labeo rohita, Mori-Rahu Hybrid and Thalla-Rahu Hybrid) were collected from a BRACKISH WATER pond near Muzaffargarh, Pakistan for the comparison of body composition. All the seven species were found relatively well adapted to the saline environment though some of them showed significant differences in body composition. Results obtained did not show any adverse effect of salinity on these fish species. The mean values of body constituents, except for protein content (dry and wet body weight) differed significantly (P<0.05) among various fish species. Minimum amount of WATER content and maximum amount of lipids, organic content and condition factor were observed in Cyprinus carpio indicating that Cyprinus carpio show overall better growth in BRACKISH WATER as compared to other species. Cyprinus carpio may be recommended for culturing in such WATER bodies and farmers may be encouraged to farm this species on mass scale.