BORDER markets are among the variables that affect the balance of economic space between the BORDER REGIONS of Iran and other REGIONS of the country. The process of balancing can have positive and negative effects on the BORDER REGIONS and the rest of the country. The main question of the present study is that how can the Iranian BORDER markets, specifically Marivan BORDER market have a convergening and overlapping role in balancing the other economic spaces of Iran? The present study attempts to apply the SWOT model by classifying and analyzing the internal and external factors as well as considering the economic strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the BORDER markets to be balanced with the other economic spaces of Iran. To determine the weight of criteria, Analytica Hierarchy Process (AHP) was applied. Results of the present study indicate that the optimal strategies to make a balance between BORDER markets and other economic REGIONS of the country are competitive strategies. The main goal of such strategies is to apply specific methods to prevent and eliminate the external threats (such as goods smuggling) by internal strengths. This strategy is related to the external situation of BORDER markets that evaluates the negative points (the threats ahead) related to the outside. The goal of this strategy is to reduce the threats as much as possible.

For categorizing all kinds of educational inequalities, referring to regional disparity is considered as a main indicator. This inequality limits individual access to education. People's right for an equal education is influnced by factors which are out of their control. There are evidence showing that regional disparity is stil1a crucial challenge for all educational systems including Iran. This paper presents briefly the results of a survey conducted in BORDER and non-BORDER REGIONS of Khorasan province. Extract reliable data indicated that socio-cultural and economic deprivations were more prevalent in BORDER REGIONS than in non-BORDER areas, 45 schools in BORDER areas and 39 schools in non BORDER areas were randomly selected. Data were collected by using two researcher made questionnaires as well as by reviewing official documents and records. Findings show that inequalities stemming from educational inputs, process and outputs are not as serious and significant as underlying, fundamental inequalities reflected in cultural and economic conditions. Thus non- educational inequalities impact outcomes more drastically than educational ones.

This study aims at investigating the factors influencing national identity of high school students at Dehloran County. Independent variables in this study were: socio-economic status, similarity of group values, being accepted by others, internalizing values, self-satisfaction, and the dependent variables was national identity. To do this, a case study was conducted and the factors affecting national identity were analyzed in the city. The population of study consisted of 3445 individuals from which 1970 were male and 1475 were female. The size of the sample was determined to be 345 using Cochran’s formula and by classifying, and stratifying based on major, grade, and gender. The theoretical framework of the study was based on the theory of symbolic interaction Sociologists (Meed, Bloomer, and Cooley) and Parsons, and Peter Burke. Societal identity has been viewed from a national identity viewpoint. The findings indicate that all independent variables except gender had a meaningful relationship with the dependent variable. Socio-economic identity negatively related national identity and the other variables were positively correlated with it. The variables investigated comprised 22 percent of the variance of national variance meaning that R2 was responsible for 22 percent of national identity.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Nowadays, besides the ordinary staining, a variety of cell markers and immunohistochemistry methods are incorporated for distinction between neoplasms. But in the current situation, due to the high cost of most of these methods, cheaper and simpler way like silver nitrate staining should be sought for analyzing the nucleolar organizer dots. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the distinction capability of silver nitrate within the benign and malignant neoplasms of the salivary glands. METHODS: Silver nitrate staining was carried out for nucleolar organizer REGIONS in 22 cases of the most common benign neoplasms of the salivary glands, namely pleomorphic adenoma, and 22 cases of common malignant neoplasms of salivary glands, consisting of 11 adenoid cystic carcinoma and 11 mucoepidermoid carcinoma cases. Twenty-two cases of normal salivary glands of the peripheral REGIONS of the same samples were analyzed. FINDINGS: The mean dots occurrences for normal salivary glands, pleomorphic adenoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma and mucoepidermoid carcinoma were 1.67±0.2, 2.32±0.39, 3.92±1.11 and 3.25±0.78 (for malignancies was 3.58±1), respectively.  There were significant differences among benign and malignant, malignant and normal, and benign and normal groups (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study purposed that the use of silver nitrate staining method is suitable for distinction of the benign and malignant neoplasms of salivary glands.

The planning system in Iran is a multi-level system in which the relationship between the levels is more important than the number of the levels. According to this relationship, authorities in different levels adjust their interaction; thus the process will be more sufficient if the system be organized and integrated.In a country such as Iran with more than 60 years of experience in systematic development which still is facing fundamental problems, an understanding of the systematic relationship between the components of the planning regime is more highlighted. In this regard the Spatial Planning of the BORDER REGIONS is highly important because of the long BORDERs with the neighbor countries and the fact that more than half of the provinces in Iran are located in the vicinity of the international BORDERs.The aim of this paper is to emphasis on the spatial planning of the BORDER REGIONS, and highlighting its elements and factors and the relationship between the factors and the other parts of the planning system.In this regard different theories will be discussed as well as the experiences of spatial planning in Iran and the other countries. Moreover, the guidelines and strategies in approaching the problems of the BORDER REGIONS and the achieved outcome will be highlighted.The outcome of this research shows the great correlation between developments and security in the BORDER REGIONS. It also highlights the unbalanced condition between the inner REGIONS and the BORDER REGIONS in Iran; the condition which affects the national development. In the other word, neglecting the BORDER REGIONS in terms of development can cause insecurity and degeneration of the other parts of the country; however, so many subjective and objective obstructions have caused this condition to be continued.The spatial planning system of the BORDER REGIONS tries to present a spatial-strategic planning in order to facilitate the national sustainable development.

With respect to the wide extent of country, variety of natural environments, its several neighbors, as well as different BORDERs, Islamic Republic of Iran is a country of multiple socio-cultural, economic and political characteristics, with both inner and outer opportunities. In terms of development and security, these specific conditions offer opportunities in one hand, and some limitations in other. It is obviously requested to recognize these features, as well as to seek efficient strategies to use them in local, regional and national development. The two main characteristics of the country’s BORDER REGIONS are size (area) and diversity, which manifest themselves in following features:Ecologic-environmental diversity of the BORDER REGIONS in terms of geographical factors;Variety of historical, cultural, social and polito-econmical characteristics;Differing local and regional locations of BORDER REGIONS, especially with regard to neighboring countries.Unequal levels of development, and different demands and requirements of the BORDER REGIONS, especially with regard to the national level.This article attempts to study the importance of cross-BORDER settlement areas, emphasizing the vital integrity between development and security. The methodology relied on a theoretical-conceptual strategy, during which cognitive methods were applied.

National convergence and cohesion and avoiding from divergence is one of the most important functions of governments to make the most benefit from resources and to prevent aliens from infiltrate and looting these resources. This issue is of great importance from the perspective that without national cohesion and productivity as the main keyword to proper utilization of resources, competition with other countries and regional and trans-regional actors will not be possible. Therefore, among other factors affecting national convergence which has been addressed in many social science studies, this study seeks to answer the question that, does balanced development lead to national convergence in BORDER REGIONS? To answer this question, a grounded theory method is used, in which the researcher attempts to achieve to a theory or a scientific concept regarding the subject under investigation and answer the research question by analyzing the phenomena and revealed facts, and conducting field research as well as by instigating related elites. In this study, 84 elites, mainly from BORDER provinces, were surveyed on 8 economic indicators as effective (positive and negative) variables on national convergence that represented balanced development or underdevelopment. The research findings show that 5 indicators of economic development, investment in infrastructure, investment in social capital, government development investment and human development affects national convergence more than 60% as a factor of national convergence strength and more than 70% as high and very high. The 3 indicators of youth unemployment, economic corruption in society, and class divisions or inadequate distribution of resources as a factor of weakness and threat are both high and very high, with an average of 40 and 45 and 80 percent, respectively. The results of the standard deviation test also show that strengthening the first five indicators will greatly increase the national convergence and cohesion in the BORDER REGIONS and strengthening the next three indicators will have the opposite effect.

Since the various REGIONS have not experienced a uniform development in different times and places, there are numerous regional inequalities, in all scales, across countries; as there are various special REGIONS with better position than others in terms of various indicators. Therefore, studying economic, social, cultural and political inequalities among groups, classes, ethnics and geographical REGIONS or divisions of the civil is a necessary and fundamental task for planning and making reforms in order to meet economic growth and to realize sustainable security, particularly in the sustainable REGIONS. This study aims at analyzing the differences and inequalities among BORDER townships of West Azerbaijan Province in terms of enjoying 63 indicators. Economic, social, educational end physical indicators as well as ranking these townships in terms of enjoying the mentioned indicators are among the most studied indicators. It's an applied research in which analytical-comparative method was used. Electer and Topsis method, which is one of multi-criteria decision making methods, was used for analyzing data. Regarding the results it was demonstrated that development indicators have not been distributed equally among townships of the province. Piranshahr, Sardasht, Uromiya were the first to third townships in terms of enjoying these indicators, while Mako, Oshnaviyeh, and Chaldoran were deprived cities in terms of the studied indicators. Regarding the results of Topsis method, social indicators of Sardasht, social indicators of Oshnaviyeh, economic and physical indicators of Uromiya were in the first ranks. Ranking townships in this study can be useful in optimizing the status quo and organizing development levels and sustainable security in this province.

In this research, the development of cross-BORDER cooperation (CBC) to study the factors and stimuli affecting the stability of the: : : : union: : : : in the BORDER REGIONS were discussed. The aim of the present study, functional and combination method (qualitative and quantitative) is. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire and interview. The statistical community included various experts in the fields of political science, geography, economics, sociology, law enforcement experts, governorate and governorate in Sistan and Baluchestan province. Using a targeted sampling, 70 experts were selected. For analysis of data, descriptive tests and binary logistic regression model (LM-Newton-Marcard-Raphson method) were used. The results showed that in the area of planning for unity in Sistan and Baluchestan except for the determination of the right of the Hirmand River in the Sistan region, which was concluded with the country over a period of time, the plan was not approved or implemented, and among the five factors Economic, social, cultural-religious, institutional-structural and political security, three economic factors (0. 478), political-security (0. 473) and cultural-religious (0. 363) have the most effect on the stability of unity of BORDER REGIONS in Studied area. The results of this study can be used to develop BORDER cooperation cooperation and coherence stability in different BORDER REGIONS of Iran.

Along with the transformation of the concept of national security, the nature of threats against countries has been transformed as well. However, external military threats constitute part of the factors that have an effect on national security, in which BORDER areas as entrance gates in each country are exposed to more threats than internal areas which make the former more vulnerable. Using analytical-descriptive methodology, the present article seeks to answer the question of “What status does the security of Bandar Abbas as a coastal BORDER city fall in in terms of military, economic and geographical features and locations?” This question can be paraphrased as “How much effective are the geographical factors as well as the internal and external threats in contributing to the security of this city?” The findings of the research indicate that factors like smuggling narcotics, goods, and humans along with immigrations and extraterritorial cultural effects and external threats involving regional and extra-regional threats, and natural and political threats have challenged. Also, the islands of the Strait of Hormuz with its economic status and geographical location contribute to the security of this city.