Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and DENSITY of BONE MINERALs to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of BONE MINERALs may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and DENSITY of the BONE MINERALs in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and BONE mass was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and BONE mass, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which states that BONE response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.

Introduction: Steoporosis is currently one of the prevalent diseases. The effect of exercise on BONE marrow DENSITY (BMD) has been documented for all age groups. The aim of this research was to compare the effects of endurance vs. resistance trainings on local BONE MINERAL DENSITY (BMD) changes. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six volunteer female university students (age average: 22.58±1.56; Body Mass Index average: 22.85±2.17), with sedentary lifestyles, were selected and randomly divided to three groups (n=12 in each group). These groups were determined as: The endurance group who ran for 36 sessions on a treadmill over a period of 3 weeks at 70 to 80 percent of the maximum heart-beat rate. They were required to run for 40 minutes per session on the other hand, the resistance group received 36 circuit training sessions at the rate of 70 to 80 percent of 1RM with 6 to 8 repetitions in 3 sets with 2 minutes of rest in between. The third group of the study was the control group.Results: Both the endurance and the resistance training protocols induced significant increases in BMD in the areas of lumbar, neck and femur (P<0.05). However, the variation was more significant for the endurance group in the neck and femur while it was in the aerobic group where better effects were observed in the lumbar region (P<0.05). Conclusion: There was no considerable differences between the two modes of exercise (i.e. endurance and resistance) in terms of the increase of skeleton’s local BONE MINERAL DENSITY.

Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most widely used measurement for the assessment of BONE mass in osteoporosis. In clinical measurement, BONE width can affect BONE MINERAL parameters. The purpose of this study was to examine the dependence of BONE MINERAL parameters on BONE width. In this study, DXA measurements were conducted on rabbit BONE in vivo using clinical instruments. We have selected rabbit’s BONEs that have low BMD and more collagen tissue to predict structure not only measures BMD, but is also sensitive to the structure of the BONE. To investigate the effect of BONE width on the measured parameters, three regions of femur and tibia BONEs (N=132) were processed: upper (1/3 of length), middle (1/2 of length) and lower (2/3 of length) for BMC, areal BMD and volumetric BMD. The ANOVA analysis of BONE MINERAL extracted by DXA showed significant differences (P<0.05) between BMC, BMDa and BMDv of six groups of upper, middle and lower parts of the femur and the tibia. It shows that BMC and BMD correlate well with the BONE width, but BMDv inversely correlates with BONE width. Linear and nonlinear regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between DXA characteristics with BONE width and the regression function for each parameter is given. We concluded that BMC, areal BMD, and volumetric BMD in rabbit's BONE with collagen fibers more than BONE MINERAL are dependent on BONE width. This result may be at least in part due to large precision error measurement of the BONE width, in vivo.

We took up as the purpose of this study the measurement of the BMD (BONE MINERAL DENSITY) of the neck of femur and radius in female athletes participating in weight bearing (WB) as well as non weight bearing activities in Iran and the world. Non athlete females were also included in the measurement. To initiate the study, 23 female athletes (age 20 to 25) were selected. They were all from the Iranian national teams engaged in swimming, tennis, table tennis, and gymnastics, and had sport activity at least for 1 0 years, 3 days a week. Subjects were free of problems, which would affect their BONE MINERAL DENSITY. BMD measurement was conducted in two areas of the body (necks of femur and radius), then statistical analysis was performed on data using (x=0.05). Results indicated that in the neck of femur, values of BMD for female athletes were higher than standard values of BMD for non-athlete females. Compared with standard values of BMD in Iran, the difference was significant for gymnasts, the tennis players and the swimmers, but not for the table tennis players. Comparison with world standard values showed the difference to be significant for gymnasts and the tennis players, but not for the swimmers and the table tennis players. In radius, the values of BMD for the female athlete was lower than standard values for non athletes but the differences were not significant for the two groups of table tennis players and gymnasts. Comparing the four groups of athletes there were differences in values of BMD in the two areas, but the difference was meaningful only for the gymnasts. BMD for swimmers (NWB) was lower than other groups of athletes (WB) in this study but the difference was not significant.

Background: The menopausal transition called perimenopause, happens after the reproductive years, and is specified with irregular menstrual cycles, perimenopause symptoms and hormonal changes. Women going through peri menopausal period are vulnerable to BONE loss. Osteoporosis is one of the most common debilitating metabolic BONE diseases, especially in the women almost around 50 years. This study was intended to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis amongst asymptomatic individuals during the menopause transition period. Methods: A total of 714 asymptomatic peri-menopausal female volunteers were recruited through a billboard invitation for participation in the study. The subjects were selected based on already defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The project, which was conducted between 2010 and 2014 was affiliated to the Educational and Therapeutic Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad, Iran. BONE MINERAL Densitometry (BMD) measured by DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) was carried out on two distinct sites, the proximal femur and the lumbar vertebrae from L1 to L4. Pertained data were analyzed. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 49. 7± 2. years. The overall prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in these peri-menopausal individuals were 37. 6 % and 10% respectively. Thirty five point two percent of 714 women presented with osteopenia and eight percent of them have osteoporosis in the femoral neck, respectively. Nonetheless, BMD values at the lumbar spine indicated 41. 6% and 12% of individual participants being affected by osteopenia and osteoporosis. Conclusion: In general osteopenia or osteoporosis, occurred in 48% of this study population, implying that special attention is required for the BONE health status of Iranian women who undergo menopause.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common progressive genetic disorder among children which involves lungs, kidneys, intestine and liver. Apart from the significance of genetic factors, various environmental factors particularly BONE MINERAL DENSITY are directly associated with CF. Remarkably, BONE disease is appeared as a routine and common trait in long term CF survivors which implies that environmental parameters including calcium and vitamin D intake as well as drug inducement are the most important risk factors causing low BONE MINERAL DENSITY. Conspicuously, absolute and notable treatment of cystic fibrosis associated to BONE disorder must involve investigating the risk factors including the reduced intake of certain vitamins and MINERALs due to pancreatic inadequacy, modified hormone production, severe and chronic lung infection with increased ranges of BONE function cytokines for a weak BONE health situation. In this review, focus is on these considerable factors alongside the genetic factors in cystic fibrosis.

Introduction: Osteopenia of trabecular-rich BONE tissues in patients with urolithiasis has been suggested. We performed a study to evaluate the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in Iranian patients with recurrent urinary tract stones. Methods: In this case control study 24 male patients, aged 30-50 years old, who had recurrent urolithiasis (more than once per year) and were referred to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) unit, entered our study. We also valuated 24 healthy male controls of a comparable age group. Both groups had similar diets. Ages, body mass index (weight/height2), stone disease duration and BMD of two ports, Lumbar spine (L2-L4) and femur region were evaluated and compared in both groups. Linear, regression and t-test were used to analyze the data.Results: Excluding confounding factors, BMD difference in both lumbar and femur region between patients and controls were statistically significant (P<0.01). BMD results were quite independent of age and body mass index. According to regression analysis, there was a significant correlation between BMD of lumbar and duration of urolithiasis (P<0.001, r=-0.73). The same significant correlation existed between BMD of femur and duration of disease, although not as the previous one (P<0.01, r=-0.52). Conclusion: BMD decrease in patients with urolithiasis may herald a primary defect of BONE metabolism. As 30% of patients were osteopenic, calcium intake and its restriction should be monitored in these patients.

Background: The correct interpretation of BONE MINERAL DENSITY (BMD) measurement by dual energy x ray absorptiometry ( DEXA) requires a population specific reference range. We collected data on age 20-35 years to obtain reference values of BMD for Isfahani women in order to make a population specific diagnosis of osteoporosis. Methods: In 660 healthy Isfahani women Volunteers (20-35 years) without illness, use of drugs or predisposing conditions to osteoporosis, the BMD (gr/cm²) of lumbar spine and non-dominant femur was measured by lunar DPX –IQ machine. Results: The mean BMD and its standard deviations at each site were calculated and compared with normative data from Caucasian US/North European women. No significant differences were detected between them. Conclusions: BONE MINERAL DENSITY measurements of these 660 healthy Isfahani women can serve as a reference guide for the diagnosis of osteoporosis in Isfahani women.