Introduction: The right use of BLOOD is necessary because of the high cost of correct BLOOD screening, BLOOD grouping, and cross match. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the rate of the reserved and cross matched BLOOD before elective surgeries which were done in Bahman 22nd Hospital. It also aims at evaluating the standard guideline for ordering BLOOD.Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study from 1380 to 1388 that evaluates evaluating 6145 files of the patients hospitalized in 22 Bahman 22nd Hospital for surgery during the years of 1380 to 1388. The elective operations include General surgery, Gynecology, orthopedic, ENT, Urology and Neurosurgery. The number of patients, the number of reserved and cross matched units and the number of transfused units was recorded for each group of patients collected in each groups. Finally, the number of reserved BLOOD units in that period of time and in each group was compared with the standard guideline. Also the number of transfused BLOOD units was evaluated. The ratio of cross matched to transfused BLOOD units lower than 2.5 was considered as standard. And The obtained data were analyzed, using with SPSS.Results: A total of 1557 BLOOD units of BLOOD were reserved for 772 patients.1305 units (66.47%) were cross matched, but just 126 units (8.1%) were transfused. The effective factors in increasing the possibility of transfusion were the ages<20 & >80 years old, Hb £ 12, the type of surgery and the surgeon. Although after the application of the guidelines in1385, there was 64.44% decrease in the rate of cross matching rate due to the decrease in the number of patients who were cross matched, but the average of cross matched units for each patient did not change. The total of C/T index of the hospital decreased from 14.1 to 3.7.Conclusion: The appropriate correct BLOOD reserving can decrease the unnecessary BLOOD reserves, lower the pressure on BLOOD banking centers and prevent BLOOD wastage.

Background: BLOOD VISCOSITY and aortic sclerosis (AS) are strong predictors of cardiovascular events. The effects of BLOOD VISCOSITY on AS have not been studied adequately. We aimed to investigate the potential connection between whole BLOOD VISCOSITY (WBV) and AS. Methods: AS was detected by transthoracic echocardiography. The estimation of WBV was carried out at both high shear rate (HSR) (208/s) and low shear rate (LSR) (0. 5/s) by previously validated formulae using hematocrit (HcT) and total protein (TP) in g/L. WBV at HSR (208/s) is: (0. 12 × HcT) + 0. 17 (TP-2. 07) and WBV at LSR (0. 5/s) is: (1. 89 × HcT) + 3. 76 (TP-78. 42). Comparisons of WBV at both HSR and LSR were made between patients with and without AS. Results: We included 94 patients with AS (male = 30. 9%, mean age = 67. 5 y) and 97 control subjects without AS (male =26. 6%, mean age = 69. 1 y). Almost all of the clinical, echocardiographic, and biochemical characteristics were similar, but TP values were significantly higher in the AS group than in the control group (72. 9 ± 5 g/L vs. 75. 8 ± 6. 1 g/L; p value < 0. 001). Hemoglobin and HcT levels were similar (p value = 0. 604 and p value = 0. 431, respectively). In the AS group, WBV at LSR and HSR was higher than that in the control group (p value = 0. 001 for both LSR and HSR). In multiple stepwise logistic regression analysis, WBV was an independent predictor of AS (p value < 0. 001). Conclusion: We found higher WBV in patients with AS than in patients without AS at both LSR (0. 5/s) and HSR (208/s). WBV at both LSR and HSR was independently associated with AS.

Dear Editor: Hemorheological factors, such as VISCOSITY, are significant in determining BLOOD flow characteristics and play an important role in the pathogenesis of thrombotic events and, therefore, cerebrovascular diseases. The VISCOSITY of fluids depends on; particle concentration, shape of the particles, pH of the fluid, and temperature. BLOOD includes many different kinds of proteins such as; fibrinogen, albumin and globulins.

Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is the most common endocrine disease. It has many implications and the most important is the cardiovascular ones, which are one of the causes of death in diabetic patients. BLOOD VISCOSITY is one of the main factors impairing microcirculation and producing microangiopathy.Materials and Methods: In this study 13 male diabetic patients, 43-60 years of age with cardiovascular implications and 10 healthy male subjects in the same age groups were studied as controls. Whole BLOOD VISCOSITY and plasma VISCOSITY were measured. Other factors such as glucose, fibrinogen, hematocrit, albumin and total protein that can affect VISCOSITY were also measured.Results: Results showed increased total viscosities in the diabetics compared with controls, but only whole BLOOD VISCOSITY showed a significant difference (p<0.01). All factors except albumin were higher in diabetics than in controls, but only glucose and fibrinogen showed statistically significant difference (p<0.001) between diabetics and controls. Albumin level was lower in diabetic group, but not significant.Conclusions: It seems that the main reason for increased VISCOSITY in these cases was change in plasma composition ( high glucose and fibrinogen). It is likely that high glucose and fibrinogen in diabetic patients may increase BLOOD cell aggregation that results in high BLOOD VISCOSITY.

Statement of the Problem: Systemic conditions can affect the salivary glands and oral health. Hypertension induces xerostomia. Because the function of saliva is related to its quality and quantity, therefore, any changes in saliva can lead to diminished quality of pa-tient’ s life. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between pH and VISCOSITY of cumulative unstimulated saliva and hypertension in adults with sustained hypertension. Materials and Method: This cross sectional study took place on patients referred to oral medicine faculty of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science. The patients’ BLOOD pressure was measured and the 135 patients fitting the inclusion criteria participated in the study. Their unstimulated cumulative saliva was collected by spitting method and pH of the samples was measured by digital pH-meter set. The VISCOSITY of the samples was measured by comparing the amount of saliva displacement in the thistle tube with control fluids at mm/10 seconds. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 20 software and ANOVA tests and Tukey multiple comparison and their nonparametric equivalent (p≤ 0. 005). Results: The results of this study showed that there was a significant relationship between pH and VISCOSITY of unstimulated saliva of normotensive and borderline hypertensive pa-tients (p<. 0001and p<. 005, respectively) and between normotensive and stage I hyperten-sive patients (p<. 0001, p<0. 000). Therefore, hypertension had a direct and significant rela-tionship with saliva VISCOSITY but a reverse relationship with saliva pH. Conclusion: Hypertension can reduce the pH and increase the salivary VISCOSITY in hyper-tensive patients, which subsequently lead to changes in quality and quantity of secreted saliva and influence the oral health and quality of the patient’ s life.

Background: With the development of technology, human beings are increasingly under the exposure of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) (due to wireless technologies, mobile phones, base stations etc). The aim was to investigate the possible effects of Radio Frequency Radiation (RFR) on BLOOD, aorta and heart tissue in hypertensive and non-hypertensive rats with various parameters. Materials and Methods: Male Wistar Albino rats were divided into 4 groups: 1. Control (C), 2. Hypertension (H), 3. RFR, 4. RFR+Hypertension (RFR+H). 60 mg/kg L-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) was administered for 1 month by oral gavage to induce hypertension. The rats were exposed to 2100 MHz RFR for 60 minutes/day, 5 days/ week for 8 weeks. BLOOD hematocrit, BLOOD and plasma VISCOSITY, malondialdehyde (MDA), total nitric oxide (NOX), and Total sulphydril groups (RSH) / glutathione (GSH) levels in plasma and heart tissue were determined. Histological examination of the aortic wall and left ventricular muscle was performed. Results: RFR exposure resulted in a marked increase in cardiac and plasma MDA and NOX levels and a decrease in RSH/GSH levels (p<0. 05). BLOOD VISCOSITY increased in the hypertensive group with RFR exposure (p<0. 05). There was an increase in left ventricular weight and number of muscle cells in hypertensive groups (p<0. 05). Conclusion: According Our study suggests that exposure to RFR causes more negative effects on hypertension in terms of oxidative stress and antioxidants in the heart and plasma. Also, RFR exposure showed more prominent left ventricular fibrosis and aortic degenerative effects in hypertensive groups.