Introduction: After caesarean, mothers need to take care of their babies as soon as possible, and pain relief in them leads to more comfort and faster recovery and it reduces hospitalization time and complications such as pulmonary thromboembolism as well as treatment costs.Objective: Determining the effect of TAP BLOCK by injection of Bupivacaine 0.25% after caesarean section on post operative pain.Materials and Methods: This study was performed on seventy six women that underwent elective caesarean section. Then, the women were randomly divided into two groups. Six women were excluded from the study which was a double-blind clinical trial. In the case group: 20cc of Bupivacaine 0.25% was injected between transverse abdominal muscle fascia and internal oblique muscle fascia, and in control group the same amount of normal saline was used. Pain intensity was measured by VAS score at 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48 hours after surgery. In both groups, if the patient needed pain relief, diclofenac suppository was used and its dose was recorded. Some complications such as nausea, vomiting and dizziness were recorded too, data were analyzed by SPSS (21) software, P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: VAS score at 2, 4, 6 hours after surgery in case group was significantly lower than that in the control group. (P=0.0001, P=0.0001, P=0.039), respectively. The mean number of administered diclofenac in bupivacaine group was lower than that in placebo group (P=0.0001). The mean and standard deviation of pain free period in bupivacaine group was 13.77±2.41 and in placebo group was 5.94± 1.27. Survival rate of analgesia was 14.3% in bupivacaine group and 2.9% in placebo group. This difference was statistically significant (P= 0.001).Conclusion: Transverse abdominal plane BLOCK with Bupivacaine 0.25% can reduce post caesarean pain without any side effects, such as dizziness, nausea and vomiting, and any effect on the time of ambulation. It can also reduce use of analgesics.

Purpose: Together with the increase of orthodontic treatment needs the use of functional apparatus has been increased. Furthermore, different studies has been done on skeletal and dental changes after the use of these functional appliances, but few studies discussed soft tissue changes in the field. So, this study was carried out in order to evaluate soft tissue changes following the use of Twin BLOCK functional appliance.Methods & Materials: This study was quazi experimental done on 13 patients (7 girls and 6 boys) with 7 years and 7 months to 12 years and 6 months of age. All patients were Cl II Div.I malocclusion, Iranian, Muslim, resident of Tehran and with no previous orthodontic treatment and tooth extraction. The period of treatment with the apparatus varied between 7 to 17 months. The studied angular variables were nasolabial, nasofacial, facial convexity,H angle, mentocervical, nasomental and mentolabial. The liner variables were lower and upper lip to E line, upper and lower lip thickness, prominence and length, upper and lower face height. All variables were compared before and after the use of Twin BLOCK and recorded in a questionnaire and were analyzed by T - test. Results: The study showed that nasolabial, nasofacial, Lower lip to E line and Upper lip length decreased slightly with the use of apparatus, while facial convexity, H angle, upper lip prominence, upper lip thickness and upper lip to E line decreased significantly. As well as, mentocervical, upper lip thickness, lower lip prominence and soft tissue lower face height increased slightly and nasomental, mentolabial, soft tissue upper face height and lower lip length increased significantly.Conclusion: Following the treatment with Twin BLOCK, the lower face soft tissue moved anteriorly leading to decrease in profile convexity. The upper and lower face soft tissue height increases and their ratio improved. The upper and lower lip thickness reduced, but upper lip length did not change and lower lip length increased after the treatment. The space between upper and lower lip edge to E - line moved to a normal range and labiomental fold became wider.

Background and Aims: Functional therapy locates the mandible in a more anterior and inferior position. Tongue posture and oropharynx space have a considerable relationship with mandibular posture. The aim of the present study was to determine the changes of tongue posture and oropharynx space following treatment with Twin BLOCK appliance in adolescent patients with class II division 1 ma1occlusion. Materials and Methods: Twenty two patients (14 girls mean age: 11. 5, 8 boys mean age: 12. 5 years) who were treated with twin-BLOCK appliance were enrolled. Cephalograms were used to assess the linear measurements. Graber pattern and McNamara parameter were used to evaluate the tongue posture and oropharynx space, respectively. Data analysis was performed by paired t-test. Results: The findings of the present study showed a significant increase in anterior position of tongue (P=0. 06). Oropharynx space was increased significantly (P<0. 001). There was a significant correlation between the decrease of ANB and anteroposterior increase of oropharynx space. Conclusion: Twin-BLOCK appliance caused considerable forward movement of tongue and significant increase of oropharynx space in the sagittal plan.

Introduction: One of the most difficult procedures in orthodontics is the treatment of skeletal open bite. This malocclusion is characterized by back ward rotation of mandible, an obtuse gonial angle, an increased anterior facial height, and a E long face appearance. The treatment strategy of skeletal open bite has been mainly based on vertical growth inhibition, forward autorotation of mandible, and intrusion of posterior dent alveolar structures. Early treatment of this malocclusion is of great interest because the therapeutic approach is functional before growth has been completed and is surgical afterwards. Posterior bite-BLOCKs are one of the functional appliances which are commonly used. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of spring loaded posterior occlusal bite BLOCK (SLPOBB) on dento-facial structures in patients with skeletal open bite. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, our sample group consisted of 23 skeletal open bite subjects (9 males and 14 females) having a mean age of 9.8, treated by SLPOBB until the open bite was completely dissolved and a favorable overjet was achieved. Cephalometric tracing was carried out on the lateral cephalograms taken prior to and after treatment. The data were analyzed using paired t-test to determine significant changes (a=0.05).Results: Skeletal changes: A statistically significant increase in SNB, ArGoGn, mandible length, anterior facial height, UFH, LFH, and posterior facial height was found.Decrease in ANB, Palatal plane/MeGo, SArGo, SNGoAr, and Y-Axis was also significant. Dental changes: The results revealed a significant increase in Upperl/Palatal plane height, Lower1/GoMe height & Upper 6/Palatal plane height and a decrease in Lower1/GoMe angle. Conclusion: SLPOBB was found to be effective in treatment of skeletal open bite by: 1) A significant decrease of mandibular posterior angles, an increase of posterior facial height, and upward and forward rotation of mandible. 2) Intrusion of mandibular first molars. 3) Extrusion of anterior dentoalveolar height, and lingual inclination of lower incisors.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness of the mandibular infiltration versus the mandibular BLOCK for the operative and surgical treatment of primary molars.Methods & Materials: 80 children aged 6-9 years old who required bilateral identical dental treatment in mandibular primary molars were selected. Subjects received an infiltration on one side of mandible and BLOCKon the other. Bilateral identical procedure was performed on each patients during the same appointment. These procedures included amalgam restoration, pulpotomy, extraction, stainless steel crown. Sign of discomfort included hand and body tension, eye movement indicating pain, verbal complaints and tears. Both techniques were evaluated blindly by a single rater who was not the operator.Result: T test indicated there was no significant difference between BLOCK and infiltration for any of the factors evaluated and anesthesia profundity is not as dependent upon bone density Conclusion: Mandibular infiltration can be used versus BLOCK in treating mandibular primary molars.

Subspace Pursuit (SP) is an efficient algorithm for sparse signal reconstruction. When the interested signal is BLOCK sparse, i.e., the nonzero elements occur in clusters, BLOCK sparse recovery algorithms are developed. In this paper, a BLOCKed algorithm based on SP, namely BLOCK SP (BSP) is presented. Contrary to the previous algorithms such as BLOCK Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (BOMP) and mixed l2/l1-norm, our approach presents better recovery performance and requires less time when non-zero elements appear in fixed BLOCKs in a particular hardware in most of the cases. It is demonstrated that our proposed algorithm can precisely reconstruct the BLOCKsparse signals, provided that the sampling matrix satisfies the BLOCK restricted isometry property - which is a generalization of the standard RIP widely used in the context of compressed sensingwith a constant parameter. Furthermore, it is experimentally illustrated that the BSP algorithm outperforms other methods such as SP, mixed l2/l1-norm and BOMP. This is more pronounced when the BLOCK length is small.

Background and Objectives: Compressive sensing (CS) theory has been widely used in various fields, such as wireless communications. One of the main issues in the wireless communication field in recent years is how to identify BLOCK-sparse systems. We can follow this issue, by using CS theory and BLOCK-sparse signal recovery algorithms. Methods: This paper presents a new BLOCK-sparse signal recovery algorithm for the adaptive BLOCK-sparse system identification scenario, named stochastic BLOCK normalized iterative hard thresholding (SBNIHT) algorithm. The proposed algorithm is a new BLOCK version of the SSR normalized iterative hard thresholding (NIHT) algorithm with an adaptive filter framework. It uses a search method to identify the BLOCKs of the impulse response of the unknown BLOCK-sparse system that we wish to estimate. In addition, the necessary condition to guarantee the convergence for this algorithm is derived in this paper. Results: Simulation results show that the proposed SBNIHT algorithm has a better performance than other algorithms in the literature with respect to the convergence and tracking capability. Conclusion: In this study, one new greedy algorithm is suggested for the BLOCK-sparse system identification scenario. Although the proposed SBNIHT algorithm is more complex than other competing algorithms but has better convergence and tracking capability performance.

Purpose: Penile nerve BLOCK is the most popular nerve BLOCK for the circumcision in pediatric patients. This study aimed to compare the analgesic efficiency of penile nerve BLOCK and the pudendal nerve BLOCK on postoperative pain and additional analgesic requirements in children undergoing circumcision. Material and Methods: This prospective randomized double-blind study enrolled 85 children, aged 1 to10 years, undergoing circumcision. The patients were randomly divided into two groups either receiving dorsal penile BLOCK group (PNB-Group) or pudendal nerve BLOCK (PDB-Group). In the PNB-Group, 0. 3 ml/kg 0. 25 % bupivacaine was used; and, in the PDB-Group, 0. 3 ml/kg bupivacaine was applied with nerve stimulator at a concentration of 0. 25 %. In the postoperative period, the modified CHEOPS pain scale scoring and additional analgesic demand were evaluated at the 5th and 30th minutes and at the 1st and 2nd hours. The subsequent pain evaluations were made by the parents at home, at the postoperative 6th, 12th, 18th and 24th hours. Results: Seven patients were excluded from the study, and seventy eight patients were evaluated for analysis. Patients in PDB-Group had significantly lower postoperative pain intensity and lower mCHEOPS scores (3. 83 ± 0. 98) when compared to the PNB-Group (6. 47 ± 0. 91) (P <. 01) at all measurement times and none of patients in PDB-Group had additional analgesic requirements up to 24 hours. Patients in the PNB-Group had significantly more analgesic requirements at all measurements times except at the 1st, 2nd, 24th hours. 3. 8%, 30. 8%, 46. 2% and 59% of the patients in the PNB group needed additional analgesia respectively at 5th, 6th, 12th and 18th hours. Conclusion: Pudendal nerve BLOCK provided additional analgesic free period and had better analgesic efficiency compared to the penile nerve BLOCK lasting until 24 hours after operation.

Heap leaching structure is the primary unit of the hydrometallurgy process in heap leaching method. In this method, copper oxide soil with a stepped height ranging from 5 m to15 m with a total height of 80 m to 100 m are placed on the sloped gravelly drainage layer. Potential instability of these structures may induce heavy economical and environmental damage. Thus, in order to prevent heap instability, steeply sloping sections are leveled out prior to placing the permeable layer of sand, compacted cushion and geo-membrane along the base of the structure. Given that the overall area of the structure is around 1 km2, an attempt at reducing the overall slope will prove to be a costly procedure. Therefore it is of great importance to carefully study the area to be leached and determine exactly which BLOCKs in the structure require slope reduction as well as the amount of slope reduction necessary. The methods used to date for slope stability analysis in soil only provide that mass stability safety factor. However, the data neither allows the determination of the amount of slope to be reduced in each BLOCK of the structure nor potential failure location can be detected. In this paper, a new approach entitled: “BLOCKto- BLOCK Stability Analysis” is presented. The method is based on a combined effect of passive, active and inert processes. In this method it is assumed that there is an upward force which acts between sliding BLOCK masses. The relations obtained and used were derived from the heap leaching structure, and the results obtained were studied. Using these results in practical scenarios it is possible to determine exactly which BLOCK in the structure requires slope reduction as well as the amount  of slope reduction necessary, easily and efficiently. The second advantage to this approach in comparison to already existing methods is that one can determine the admissible acid levels for each BLOCK in the structure as well as regions of heap leaching tension cracks within the leaching structure.