ON DIFFICULTIES RELATED TO USE OF FOSSIL FUELS, USE OF CLEAN AND RENEWABLE SOURCES AND TECHNOLOGIES IS PRESENTED. GASES FUELS SUCH AS SYNGAS ARE SUITABLE AS AN EFFICIENT AND CLEAN OPERATION. SYNGAS APPLICATIONS INCLUDE HEAT PRODUCTION AND GENERATION OF MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL POWER. AS FOR FLEXIBILITY OF GASIFIER TECHNOLOGY AND WITH APPROPRIATE DESIGN, THERE IS POTENTIAL TO USE OF FEEDSTOCKS SUCH AS BIOMASS WHICH IS A RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCE AND IN SPECIAL CASES WOULD HELP IN WASTE DISPOSAL PROBLEMS. KNOWLEDGE OF CHARACTERISTIC DATA OF DIFFERENT KIND OF GASIFIERS AND PROPER OPERATING CONDITIONS IS ESSENTIAL FOR GASIFIER SELECTION. THIS STUDY INVESTIGATES DIFFERENT KIND OF CONVENTIONAL GASIFIERS FOR BIOMASS GASIFICATION. WITH REGARD TO ADVANTAGES AND DEFICIENCIES OF EACH ONE BASED ON FEED PROPERTIES AND ITS EFFECT ON AMOUNT AND COMPOSITION OF SYNGAS, FLUIDIZED BED AND TWO STAGES GASIFIERS ARE BETTER CHOICES.

THE GRACILARIA COLLECTED FROM PERSIAN GULF COAST AND WASHED WITH DISTILLED WATER AND FINALLY POWDERED AFTER DRYING. THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS SUCHP H, BIOSORBENT DOSAGE, LEAD (II) CONCENTRATIONS AND CONTACT TIME WERE STUDIED (1).IN THE FUTURE, WE HOPE TO INVESTIGATE EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ONGRACILARIA ALGAE FOR REMOVAL OF LEAD (II). FOR THIS PROPOSE, WE CAN BE USED FTIR ANALYSIS (2), THE OPTIMUM SOLUTION PH FOR MAXIMUM METAL UPTAKE THAT MAY BE RELATED TO THE PKA OF THESE SURFACE GROUPS (2) AND THE TYPE OF KINETIC MODELS THAT FIT WITH OUR DATA (3, 4).WE HOPE TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LEAD (II) REMOVAL FOR EVALUATING THE THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS INCLUDING THE CHANGE IN FREE ENERGY (DGO), ENTHALPY (DHO) AND ENTROPY (DSO) FROM BIOSORPTION STUDY IN SEVERAL TEMPERATURES (3).FINALLY BY USING THE RESPONSE SURFACE MODELING (RSM) THE OPTIMUM CONDITION WITH RESPECT TO THE EXPERIMENTAL PARAMETERS ARE OBTAINED (1).

HYBRID HYDROGELS BASED ON NATURAL POLYMERS, ESPECIALLY POLYSACCHARIDES, HAS RECEIVED SPECIAL ATTENTION OF MANY SCIENTISTS AND RESEARCHERS IN RECENT YEARS. IN THE PRESENT STUDY, THE BIOMASS OF CANE BAGASSE AS A SOURCE OF POLYSACCHARIDES IS IMMERSED BY POLYMER LATEX BASED ON ACRYLIC ACID (AA), SODIUM ACRYLATE (SA) AND ACRYLAMIDE (AM) MONOMERS (PRODUCED BY INVERSE EMULSION POLYMERIZATION). THEN, BY USING HEAT BETWEEN SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL PARTS, A CHEMICAL REACTION TOOK PLACE AND BAGASSE CONVERTED INTO A HYDROGEL. THE EFFECT OF LATEX TYPE ON MODIFICATION OF CANE BAGASSE TO ABSORBING POLYMER WAS INVESTIGATED. THE BEST MODIFICATION OF CANE BAGASSE TO ABSORBING HYDROGEL WAS OBTAINED WITH POLY (AA-SA-AM) (MOL RATIO 54:6:40). THE MODIFIED CANE BAGASSE WITH THIS LATEX HAVE WATER ABSORBENCY UP TO 81.7 G/G WHILE WATER ABSORBENCY OF UNMODIFIED CANE BAGASSE IS ONLY 0.27 G/G. CANE BAGASSE HYDROGELS WERE CHARACTERIZED THROUGH SWELLING MEASUREMENT. THE PRODUCTION OF THESE HYDROGELS IS CONSIDERED TO BE AS AN INTRODUCTORY STEP IN THE EASIER AND MORE COST EFFECTIVE PRODUCTION OF HYBRID ABSORBING HYDROGELS BASED ON DIRECT USE OF BIOMASS ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS.