Background and Objective: Bordetella pertussis is a gram-negative cocobacilli bacterium and etiologic agent of whooping cough that in recent years, the number of its cases is on the rise. The ability of BIOFILM production helps this bacterium in interference with host immune system, severity of illness and antibiotic sensitivity. Thus, due to the importance of this factor, in this investigation, we tested the ability of Bordetella pertussis isolates in BIOFILM formation.Materials and Methods: Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from persons who suspected whooping cough from throughout of Iran from 2014 to 2016 and were transferred to pertussis reference laboratory in Pasteur Institute of Iran. The bacterium in question was isolated by culture so that finally we had 20 positive samples. At the end, we performed in vitro BIOFILM formation test for isolated strains.Results: All of the 20 clinical samples of Bordetella pertussis which in this study were examined could form BIOFILM and their final OD became between 0.606 and 1.212, the power of the BIOFILM made by them was intermediate. Conclusion: Findings of this study was similar to researches conducted by other researchers, which showed the ability of the strains of Bordetella pertussis to form BIOFILM and to create adverse effects on the host for example antibiotic resistance, illness severity, and so on. Thus, considering the importance of this issue, more and broader researches are needed in this area.

2Background and Aim:  Staphylococcus haemolyticus is a prominent pathogen in hospital-related infections, exhibiting high antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to investigate antibiotic sensitivity, BIOFILM formation, and the presence of virulence-associated genes in S. haemolyticus isolated from pregnant women with urinary tract infections. Materials and Methods:  Clinical samples were collected from pregnant women with urinary tract infections between October 2021 and December 2022. S. haemolyticus isolates were identified using cultural, biochemical, and molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the VITEK-2 system. BIOFILM formation was assessed, and virulence-associated genes (hla, hlb, fnbA, and fnbB) were detected using PCR. Results: Among 260 clinical samples, 36 S. haemolyticus isolates were identified. The isolates exhibited high resistance to Benzylpencillin, Erythromycin, oxacillin, Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Levofloxacin, and Gentamicin. Resistance was lower to Tigecycline, linezolid, tobramycin, Rifampin, vancomycin, Moxifloxacin, Tetracycline, and Ticoplanin. BIOFILM formation was negative in 69. 4% and weak in 30. 6% of isolates. The hla gene was present in all isolates, while hlb was detected in 77. 7%. Detection rates of fnbA and fnbB were 88. 8% and 38. 8%, respectively. Conclusion:  This study highlights the high antibiotic resistance, limited BIOFILM formation ability, and prevalence of virulence-associated genes in S. haemolyticus isolates from pregnant women with urinary tract infections. These findings underscore the clinical significance of this bacterium and the need for infection control measures

BIOFILM is a complex community of microorganisms residing within a polysaccharide and/or protein matrix. BIOFILM can be produced by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. Both gram positive and gram negative bacteria have this ability. Resistance of BIOFILM to antimicrobial agents is becoming a global issue. Bacterial BIOFILMs are important in various aspects such as chronic human infections, dental plaque, infection of indwelling medical devices like catheters; animal and plant diseases and they are also a major problem in industries and food processing units. It is estimated that more than 80% of all microbial infections are caused by BIOFILMs. The aim of this study was to describe BIOFILM and the importance of bacterial BIOFILMs. We discoursed about resistance of bacteria in BIOFILM phase; and finally, the known anti-BIOFILM mechanisms have been discussed. Also, due to the importance of plant compounds for treatment of bacterial infections and as, there has been increased interest in controlling of bacterial infections by these substances, some recent studies in this field (plant compounds as anti-BIOFILM agents) have been expressed.