Introduction1 Mixed cultivation is part of the crop rotation program and a suitable solution for weed control, especially in low-income agricultural systems. The usefulness of intercropping compared to sole cultivation in weed control is due to the deprivation of weeds in the use of resources and higher yield usefulness. By creating diversity through intercropping, the stability of cropping systems increases. In such systems, optimal conditions are created for pest management, nutrient rotation, resource utilization, and increased yield. Therefore, the need to use ecological principles such as intercropping to increase the productivity of arable land seems necessary. After cereals, legumes are the second most important source of human food and have a special place among crops. These plants have an effective role in increasing soil fertility and reducing greenhouse gases due to their coexistence with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They are one of the most important grain legumes in the world. In 2017, the global area under BEAN cultivation (Vicia faba L. ) is estimated at 2. 463 million hectares and its global production is estimated at 4. 840 million tons. The area under cultivation and its production in Iran in 2017 has also been reported to be 217. 28 thousand hectares with a production of 17. 882 thousand tons. The present study aimed to compare single cultivation and incremental BEAN mixture in a mixed BEAN cultivation system (barley-BEAN) concerning the yield of each plant and the rate of weed suppression. Materials and Methods This research is carried out at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shushtar Branch, with a geographical location of 32 degrees and 3 minutes north and 48 degrees and 50 minutes east and an arid and semi-arid climate, with an average rainfall of 321. 4 mm and an average temperature. The annual minimum and maximum were 9. 5 and 46. 3 °, C, respectively. Treatments included sole and mixed cultivation of barley (Valfajr cultivar) and BEANs (Barakat cultivar). In sole cultivation, barley density of 400 plants per square meter and BEAN density of 20 plants per square meter were considered based on the recommended seed amount. Treatments included sole and mixed cultivation of barley (Valfajr cultivar) and BEANs (Barakat cultivar). In sole cultivation, barley density of 400 plants per square meter and BEAN density of 20 plants per square meter were considered based on the recommended seed amount. In mixed cultivation, barley density was fixed (400 plants per square meter) and BEAN density was determined as a percentage of net cultivation including (12. 5, 25, 37. 5, 50, and 62. 5%). The research was conducted based on randomized complete blocks with four replications based on the incremental method in the mixed system in the 2009-2010 crop years. Results and Discussion The net crop yield of each plant was higher compared to its mixed crop. The highest barley yield 2496 kg/ha was observed in sole cultivation. By increasing the ratio of BEANs in intercropping from 12. 5 to 62. 5%, barley grain yield decreased from 93 to 73% compared to its sole crop. The highest yield of BEANs was obtained in its net cultivation with 2621 kg/ha. A comparison of cultivation mixing treatments showed that by increasing the ratio of BEANs in mixed cultivation from 12. 5 to 62. 5%, BEAN seed yield increased from 12 to 48%. Although the grain yield of crops in the mixture was lower compared to their net cultivation, the total productivity of the land in mixed cultivation improved as a result of the higher parity ratio of the whole land. The average values of land parity ratio were obtained from 1. 05 to 1. 23 in different ratios of barley and BEAN intercropping. This means that the net cultivation of each plant requires 5 to 23% more land to produce the same yield compared to mixed cultivation, which indicates that the efficiency of land use in mixed cultivation is higher than in sole cultivation. The effect of different crop ratios on dry weight and weed density was significant compared to sole barley at the 1% probability level. The highest and lowest dry weight of weeds with 71 and 47 g/m2, respectively, were related to sole barley and the ratio of 62. 5: 100 (BEANs: barley). However, the comparison of weed dry weight in different proportions of intercropping showed no significant difference. Conclusion Mixed barley and BEAN farming can be economically and environmentally promising in most parts of Iran, with high population density, small farms and limited income. In this study, despite the decrease in barley yield due to the increase in the ratio of the associated crop (BEANs) to barley, intercropping was more productive according to the results of total grain yield and land parity ratios.

Background and Aims: Successful root canal therapy requires knowledge of tooth anatomy and root canal morphology. For permanent mandibular premolars, great variety in size, shape and number of roots and root fusion expression has been reported in the literature. There is a wide variety of methods used in studies for evaluating the root canal morphology. One of these methods is Cone-BEAN Computed tomography (CBCT) that reduces the limitations of two-dimensional X-ray image and with less exposure in comparison with other 3D radiographies. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the differences in the root and canal morphology of permanent mandibular premolars in an Iranian population by means of CBCT images.Materials and Methods: We searched a database of CBCT scans and evaluated 400 (20-60 years old) patients who met the inclusion criteria and teeth in this images (CBCT) were evaluated in three dimensions (Axial, Coronal and Sagital). Tooth length, number of roots, number of canals, canal type, root curvature and the effect of gender on any of the items mentioned were evaluated. Data were analyzed using T-test.Results: The average length of the first premolar of mandibular was 22.27 mm and second premolar was 22.28 mm. 98.4% of the first premolar and 98.2% of the second premolar were single root., and 87.3% and 93.1% were single channel. The incidence of number of canals based on vertochy divisions were: type 1: 90.7% and 90.8%, type 0: 2.2% and 2.8%, type 4: 3.3% and 3.1%, type 6: 1.4% and 2.1% and type 3: 2.5% and 1.5% respectively. In any case, there was no significant difference between males and females (p<0.001).Conclusion: Results indicates that dentists can obtain valuable information about the anatomy and morphology of the root canals using CBCT.

To study the effect of BEAN common mosaic virus (BCMV) on seed yield, yield components and some morphological and phenological traits of BEAN genotypes, an experiment was conducted in research farm of the Islamic Azad University, Shiraz Branch in 2007. Twenty five common BEAN genotypes were sown in two separate randomized complete block design with three replications under BCMV infection and non-infection conditions. The virus was provided from a research farm in Yasuj. The characterization of the virus was confirmed by PTA-ELISA method. After proliferation of virus on susceptible cultivar, seedlings were inoculated by the leaf rub method. The leaves were dusted with carborundum powder before inoculation. Founded stress by this virus did not affect the reproduction period, but vegetative period decreased a little. The results indicated that virus stress has severely increased the empty pods (88.4%) and decreased seed yield by 46.76 percent, but no significant differences were observed for phenological phases. Pod length, number of seed per plant, number of seed per pod, number of empty pods, seed yield and harvest index were mostly affected by virus. On the basis of the results obtained, for breeding of resistant cultivar to BCMV, in addition to yield, special attention should be paid to these traits.

BEAN common mosaic virus (BCMV), BEAN common mosaic necrosis virus (BCMNV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are seed-borne viruses in BEANs causing severe damage and reduction of yield and quality of this crop. Since there are lots of reports on the occurrence of mixed infection of BCMV, BCMNV and CMV, thus setting up an accurate, reliable and rapid method for detecting of these viruses in BEAN crops could play an important role in prevention of their spread and damages and also screening of healthy plants. For this purpose, in the present study, we tried to set up a multiplex RT-PCR for simultaneous detection of BCMV, BCMNV and CMV as well as an internal control gene, 18S rRNA. To do this end, the infection of BEAN plants to above mentioned viruses was confirmed by DAC-ELISA. Following total RNA extraction, cDNA was synthesized using random hexamer primers. cDNA fragments were successfully amplified using specific primers in expected sizes as almost 470 bp for BCMV, 500bp for internal control, 704 bp for BCMNV and 870 bp for CMV, respectively. The results of this study showed that this method is capable of detecting BCMV, BCMNV and CMV in 100 ng of total RNA.

There are many scientific reports about the detrimental effect of environmental stresses on Rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Selection of some strains with high efficiency and tolerance to environmental stresses is the most commonly acceptable solution for that problem. In order to investigate the effects of inoculation of stress tolerant BEAN-nodulating Rhizobium strains on growth characteristics of BEAN and symbiotic efficiency, a greenhouse experiment was conducted with 29 strains of Rhizobium, one level of nitrogen (N=200 kg/ha) and a control treatment in a completely randomized design with three replications. Selected strains provided by the microbial collection of Soil and Water Research Institute. Plants were maintained up to 50% flowering and then harvested. Dry and wet weight of shoot, root and symbiosis efficiency were measured. The results showed that there was a significant difference in shoot dry weight and based on the results of this part, 4 strains (CCSM-B01171, CCSM-B01172, CCSM-B01186 and CCSM-B01210) were selected as strains with high efficiency in nitrogen fixation. Two more strains were also selected CSM-B01232 and CCSM-B01233 strains (type International strains) for next experiments. Tolerance of Selected Stains (totally 6 strains) to four environmental stress including pH in three levels (5, 7, 9), salinity in four levels (0. 97, 4, 8 and 12 dS/m), drought in five levels (0,-0. 05,-0. 25,-0. 9 and-3. 4 MPa) and temperature in three levels (29, 37 and 42 ° C) were assessed in the culture medium. Based on the results, CCSM-B01172, CCSM-B01171 and CCSM_B01232 strains had the highest tolerance to pH. CCSM-B01210 strain was resistant to drought. CCSM-B01186 strain had the highest tolerance to temperature and salinity environmental stress and recommended for further research.