This paper deals with the synchronization problem of bidirectional associative memory (BAM) Cohen-Grossberg fuzzy cellular neural networks (CGFCNNs) with discrete time-varying and unbounded distributed delays. Some sufficient conditions are obtained to guarantee the robust synchronization of BAM CGFCNNs with discrete time-varying and unbounded distributed delays subjected to parametric uncertainty by using Lyapunov-Krasovskii (LK) functional and Linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach. Sufficient criteria ensure that the error dynamics of considered system is globally asymptotically stable. Finally, numerical examples with simulations are given to show the efficacy of the derived results.

In the history of Iranian territory, attention towards defensive fortifications has always ambitiously been concerned as an important factor for survival of the residential and governmental centers. Detailed and precise focusing on each of these defensive structures will provide useful information on the characteristics of this type of military architecture. An MW 6. 5 earthquake devastated the town of BAM in southeast Iran on 26 December 2003. After the BAM earthquake, attentions have been attracted towards Arg-e-BAM complex which had been extensively damaged, and methodical studies were initiated in various parts of this world heritage site. The citadel is located on the northeast of BAM, a dependency of Kerman province located 193 kilometers southeast of Kerman (the province center) and 1257 kilometers southeast of Tehran. The citadel consists of two main areas, the ruler’ s seat and the commoners’ area, which are separated by walls and watchtowers. Another wall, lined by a moat, runs approximately 2, 000 meters around this ensemble, separating it from the surrounding fields. Hence, the present study was being carried out from 2005 to 2008, and aimed at introducing and recognizing the main structure of Arg-e-BAM defense system. In this research which has based on a scientific viewpoint and a logical analysis focusing on findings, elements observations and architectural bodies obtained from a part of the fence between towers (8) and (9) on the southern (main) front up to reaching the ditch and also from new-found parts of the fence body, it has been shown that the image formed in pictures, reports and public opinion about the nature of BAM citadel defensive structure was actually a part of it, as a volume of accumulated historical debris caused by demolitions and reconstructions during the past centuries, which can be seen as a ramp adjacent to the fence up to reaching the ditch and around all sides of the citadel. Understanding the physical situation and constituting layers of this massive defensive structure at the corner of Lut Desert will be useful for researchers not only to know about the architectural aspects, but also to better understand the socio-political conditions of governmental structures during different historical periods in this area. According to the revision of Arg-e-BAM defensive fortifications based on the field studies and explorations, new-found parts include an extensive wall located between the ditch and the fence wall with a height of 2. 7 m, which is larger than the human size, and the ramp which is elevated from the top of this wall to fence base, expressing its defensive role as an obstacle preventing the invaders from easy access to the fence side, and stressing on its role as an strengthening element for retrofitting the citadel defensive wall structure from the structural engineering viewpoint. Evaluating the natural ground bed of the area and the artificial effects created by human activities on the area, detailed studying and scientific perceptions about the manner of positioning and distribution of various defensive elements relative to each other, and detecting the level differences between Sharestan (public stand) bed, fence and fortifications, ditch and the natural ground bed around the complex indicate that there have been extensive changes in the complex area in order to construct the spaces and architectural body of Arg-e-BAM complex as a world heritage site. Findings have suggested the use of ground bed soil as brick and clay materials for the construction of BAM structures and its architectural components. This study has been accompanied with field exploration, mapping and analysis of findings, along with a reviewing of the books and documents available on BAM and defensive fortifications and structures, and with the guidance given by experts.

Iran Plateau is located in a convergent zone, between Arabian and Eurasia plates, so that, tectonically it is an active area. Occurrence of permanent and damaging earthquakes prove this activity. Disastrous Barn earthquake of moment magnitude (Mw) 6.6 occurred on December 26.2003 and caused widespread damages. At first it was suggested that the rupturing of Barn active fault (striking north - northwest) caused this earthquake, but later studies showed that this earthquake is the result of a concealed fault activity that striking under the town of Barn and parallel to the Barn active fault. This fault is known as a branch of Barn fault. In this study in addition to reviewing the application of remote sensing, especially thermal remote sensing in seismic studies, the relationship between near surface geological formations and amplification of shaking during the earthquake, the geomorphologic evidences of tectonic activity in the barn area, and geomorphology and geometry of barn active fault is studied. This study shows that a 15 - 20 m high fault scarp, deflected steams, deep gullies and mass movements altogether are the result of tectonic processes in the area. Regarding these evidences, the active faults in the area may cause other earthquakes in the future.

Geoelectrical study designation has been done on the basis of pre knowledge about study area (on the basis of visiting have been done), process of buried fault, after shock data of BAM earthquake, remote sensing study and the process of recognized fault of BAM. The aim of this study is the investigation of faults and fractures location.Methods which are used in these studies are consist of electrical sounding with schlomberger array, 3 electrode MN (3MN method), CRP and cross (perpendicular) arrangement around BAM city. The assessment of electrical sounding point shows that the main result of this project is made by electrical sounding points which consist of 213 sounding.Estimating the strike of the lateral discontinuity was used too.In 3MN method of measurement, 3 measurements of electrical resistance with 3 different lengths of potential electrodes for each current electrode space were done and 3 separate curves for each station were produced. Investigation of these curves was very useful in direction determination and the strike of lateral discontinuities. In another profile and for 21 stations measurements CRP method which has high capability in determination of faults and fractures location was used.In another profile and in the middle of studied area and in 21 stations of cross perpendicular sounding was performed. In this method the location of lateral discontinuity (faults and) in relation with measurement point was determined. Coordination of all sounding point was picked up by GPS equipment.

The most devastating tragedy in the past half century of Iran and the past 25 years of the globe, the BAM earthquake destroyed a vast area including the city of BAM and its surrounding settlements. It received national as well as international attention. Now that the reconstruction plans are under preparation, it is time to mention a few points to stimulate further discussion. As explained by disaster management theories, although disasters interrupt the process of development, they can provide otherwise impossible opportunities in the reconstruction process. This is only possible if there is a prudent planning for reconstruction. Emphasizing that reconstruction is a distinct discipline as compared to architecture, engineering, construction or urban design; the article reviews BAM earthquake recovery efforts until recently and then treats challenges and possible remedies which are key factors in defining a comprehensive master plan.

After the devastating earthquake of 26 December 2003 in BAM, a discipline was followed to prepare a preliminary site effect microzonation map for the city. Seismic hazard studies for two return periods, geological studies accompanied by geophysical surveys and aftershock and microtremor measurements were carried out to provide site classification and PGA distribution maps. The results of this study show that reasonable agreements exist between the 2475 years PGA distribution map and the damage distribution map for the recent earthquake. The 475 years PGA microzonation maps could also be used as a preliminary useful hint in reconstruction and urban planning of the totally destroyed city.

The study of previous Earthquakes in iran and humanity and social crises and disorders resulted from them point to this fact that there has been no disaster planning and management based on the previous experiences of different quakes in order to decrease the social disorders following the disaster. So, we can see a chaos and lots of afforest in vain which see useless and of no use, as if it is the first experience of society hit by quake. Having a brief look at the report provided by Dr. jaleh shaditalab titled as "Roodbar-Manjil Earthquake" will emphasis this fact. (shaditalab 1370).This article is written according to the observation made on the earlier days after the Earthquake and an interview with quake - hit people on Day, 5th, 1382 and is trying to represent a vivid description of increasing social processes, helping organizations functions and server and unfavorable condition after the Earthquake; Which are the results of mis-management.Although, there seemed to be a temporary national - based groups and formations, but a great lees of "social capital" occurred simply because there were the lack of disaster managements and planning's and undesirable system in distributing foods, clothes and drugs.Finally, the writer has drawn a homework for modification the intervention management according to the social working charter draft.

In this article, we studied the dynamic fracture process of BAM earthquake. In two presented models stress heterogeneity on the fault plain was modeled as barrier or asperity and friction included as slip-weakening relationship. Results of models were constrained by near field ground motion recorded in BAM station. In the first model, fracture starts form a weak asperity which its waves surround the neighbor barrier and break it down. In the second model, another asperity is included in southern part of the fault. Breaking barrier releases two fracture fronts traveling in two different regimes. One of them travels faster than shear waves and goes to the intersonic velocity. The other front travels with 0.74 shear wave velocity and makes the largest pulse of the record. Both models predict the slip rate successfully, but the second model is more consistent with the real data.