Following Beebe, Takahashi, and Uliss-Weltz’s (1990) classification, this study examines the relationship between power and gender of the addressees and the type and number of refusal strategies employed by Sarawani Baloch MALE university students (SBMUS). Fifty SBMUS studying in Azad University of Sarawan were randomly chosen as the participants of the study. Data collection was accomplished through applying a revised version of DCT (Discourse Completion Test). The data collected were then coded and analyzed according to Beebe et al.’s (ibid.) taxonomy, and Chi-square and Correlation test results. The results show that refusal strategies extracted, are, for the most part, similar to those given in Beebe et al.’s work, which, in turn, confirms the universality of applying refusal strategies. However, SBMUS also employ some new strategies not predicted in the given scheme, suggesting the effect of their religion and culture. Research findings also denote the ineffectiveness of power and gender of the addressees on the type of refusal strategies employed by SBMUS. Moreover, results indicate that although power of the addressees affects number of refusal strategies used by the participants, their gender does not affect this variable. “Excuse, reason, explanation” dealing with all the addressees, the combination of 3 refusal strategies in reply to those in higher social power, and the combination of 2 strategies in response to those with equal and lower power are the most frequent refusal strategies regarding the type and number of refusal strategies.

The present article investigates the stress pattern system of Central Sarawani BALOCHI (CSB), spoken in Sarawan located in Sistan and Baluchestan province of the Islamic Republic of Iran, based on metrical theory as developed in Hayes (1995). Correspondingly, the present research illustrates the position of primary and secondary stress in mono-morphemic words, verbal paradigms, compound words, complex words, pair words and simple transitive as well as intransitive sentences. The linguistic data are mostly based on the purposeful recording of speech gathered through interview and elicitation from the speech of 10 MALE and feMALE language consultants with different social backgrounds. CSB data highlight that the stress pattern system in this language variety is almost totally systematic; it is a language variety with iambic feet. Further, CSB data show up that stress is culminative at phonological level. It is also rhythmically distributed. The absence of stress assimilation is supported by CSB data as well. Since the location of stress is predictable, its stress pattern is fixed. The data, likewise, confirm that stress system in CSB is a mixture of morphological and rhythmic. Meanwhile, stress pattern in complex words indicate the suffixes attract the primary stress. Besides, in negative and prohibitive forms, prefixes mae- and nae- get the primary stress.

Castration of MALE animal's leads to a reduction in aggressive behavior, which animals will avoid wasting energy resulting to economic production of the animal, grows. It also reduces damage and bruising animals and increases normed meat producing at slaughter. In this study, 20 LAMBS Ghezel breed in four age groups, group 1: one month (n=4), group 2: two months (n=4) Group 3: three months (n=4), Group 4: four months (n=4), were selected and by the surgical procedure were castrated. For comparing the effects of castration on fattening capacity and frequency of sexual behaviors, group 5: one month (n=4) was used as a control group. The GLM procedure of SAS in unbalanced design was used. Five groups of LAMBS were fed with a same diet of fattening for 270 day. LAMBS weighing was done after 12 hours of starvation every month. A significant difference was observed between control group and other castrated groups (P<0.0001). The control group LAMBS showed a higher final average weight (46.125 kg) than the other castrated groups, group one: (41.6071 kg), group tow: (41.205 kg), group three (40.2823 kg) and group four (40.962 kg). Daily average gain for all groups was similar (Group 1 (133.024 g), Group 2 (120.307 g), Group 3 (113.48 g), Group 4 (113.154 g) and control group (152.068 g)) which was not a significant difference between castrated groups with control. Body condition score at the end of period were measured for all groups and no significant difference was observed. Each of sexual behavior decreased significantly between the castrated and control group. The results showed that castration depressed aggression and reproductive behavior of animals. Weight of castrated group was lower than the control, in which the lamb that had been castrated at younger ages due to the low stress and get away from castration were better at slaughter time.

This empirical study deals with language contact phenomena in Sistan. Codecopying is viewed as a strategy of linguistic behavior when a dominated language acquires new elements in lexicon, phonology, morphology, syntax, pragmatic organization, etc., which can be interpreted as copies of a dominating language. In this framework Persian is regarded as the model code which provides elements for being copied into BALOCHI as the basic code. It is argued here that code-copying affects most readily the lexicon, whereas more structured subsystems like morphology and syntax hardly admit to copying. Instead lexical copies serve as an intermediary for copying phonic and morphological-syntactical features of the model code. Copies of the Persian model code which become established linguistic features of BALOCHI are distinguished from ephemeral linguistic switches which are studied within the context of communication situation variables and other linguistic or extralinguistic factors. The study is based upon audio recordings of colloquial BALOCHI speech made by the author in Sistan during the last six years.