Accommodation Anomalies are the spectrum of disorders, which affect monocular and binocular clear vision, particularly at a near distance. Accommodation Anomalies can be classified into three major categories: accommodation deficit, accommodation excess, and failure to alter accommodation. In this article, we will review categories of clinical characteristics, etiology, and treatment options.

Background: Consanguineous marriage is one of the most important etiology of morbidity and anomaly in neonates and children, for which annually thousands of neonates and children sacrifice. This study was performed in Shabihkhani hospital in Kashan to determine the prevalence of congenital Anomalies among consanguineous marriages. Material and methods: All neonates born in Shabihkhani hospital in 2000-01 were included and initial data including sex, gestational age, type of delivery, prenatal care, drug history, special disease in mother, type of anomaly, history of still birth or anomaly in previous pregnancy were recorded. Type of anomaly in the first 24 hours was distinguished for further classification. Paraclinic tests and consultations were also used. Results: Of 3529 neonates, 768 (21/8%) were born of a consanguineous marriage and the remaining 2761 (78.2%) from non-consanguineous marriage. Totally, 109(3.08%) deliveries were led to neonates anomaly, of these 7.03% were in the consanguineous marriage group (72.3% in first-cousin marriage and 27.7% in second-cousin marriage) and 2% in the other group. Conclusion: The prevalence of consanguineous marriage in our study was relatively high and the rate of neonate anomaly of consanguineous marriage was more than what expected. Obviously, in case of consanguineous marriage, the rate of anomaly clearly increased.

Background: Reports on associated intraspinal and other organ Anomalies in congenital scoliosis are variable. We are reporting such findings in one of the orthopaedic referral centers in Tehran.Methods: A series of 381 patients with congenital scoliosis were evaluated for intraspinal abnormalities with physical examination, radiographs, MRI and/or myelograms. They were also assessed for cardiac urogenital or Anomalies in other areas by physical exam, sonography and echocardiography.Results: Cord anomaly was present in 83 (21%) cases, 26 of whom had neurologic abnormality. The third cord syndrome was the most common neurologic problem in 38 patients (45.8%), followed by diastematomyelia in 37 cases. Anomalies in other parts of body detectable by physical examination were observed in 155 patients, and detected by help of paraclinical tests in 34 patients. 84 cases had trunk Anomalies, 4 genitourinary and 10 heart anomaly, 37 head and neck, 7 maxillofacial, 3 upper and 23 lower extremity, 8 cases of gastrointestinal Anomalies were also detected.Conclusion: The Anomalies of nervous system associated with congenital scoliosis are often without clinical manifestations. Cardiac and urogenital Anomalies are not very common in congenital scoliosis.