We are... So, to reframe the inquiry: who are we on a metaphysical level? Which aspects of ourselves are the most universally representative of who we are? How do we fare in the face of the passage of time? For decades, philosophers have debated the concept of diachronic personal identity, which focuses on the question of what keeps us alive. An intricate debate has developed between those who hold the body view (animalism) and those who hold the psychological view (memory) on the question of who we are. The two groups will eventually become so firmly set in their views that they will be unable to compromise. Hylomorphic animalism, or the view that humans are rational Animals, living bodies made of prime matter and a rational soul, is an alternative answer to this divisive question that I propose in this study, following in the footsteps of Aristotle and Aquinas. We only survive if matter and rational souls do.

Background: Numerous studies have been conducted on the psychological problems and communication skills of people with pets, but research that compares happiness, mental health, and communication skills in people with and without pets has been neglected. Aims: The purpose of this study was to compare happiness, mental health and communication skills in individuals with and without pets. Method: The study was descriptive and causal-comparative. From the statistical population of all the pet and non-pet individuals in Tehran, 180 individuals were selected through available sampling. Research questionnaires including Argyle & Martin Happiness Questionnaire (1989), Goldberg General Mental Health Questionnaire (1972) and Bartone Communication Skills (1999) were distributed among the study samples and data were analyzed using independent t-test and analysis of variance Were analyzed. Results: Significant differences were observed between the pet group and the pet group in the variables of happiness, mental health, and communication skills. (p≤ 0/001). Conclusions: People who live without a pet have better happiness, mental health, and communication skills than people living with a pet.

Application of minimally invasive surgeries are increasing in veterinary medicine. Joint disorders are among the most important cause for lameness in small Animals, especially dogs. Arthroscopy is one of the techniques for diagnosing, treating and managing of joint injuries. Arthroscopy has advantages over arthrotomy. Arthroscopic surgery is used for management of different injuries in shoulder (glenohumeral), coxofemoral (hip), elbow, carpal and tarsal joints in small Animals. Arthroscopy provides the best access to intra-articular structures. Also, postoperative cares, recovery, pain and infection are less than arthrotomy. The goal of this article is to review the uses of arthroscopy in small Animals.

Several articles have showed the effect of ALP toxicity on different organs. Toxicity mechanisms are not clearly understood yet. Due to the potential increased use of ALP as a fumigant and the lack of adequate toxicity data, previous studies were re-evaluated to characterize the epidemiological, toxicological, and clinical/ pathological aspects of ALP poisoning and its management. Related terms were looked up in bibliographical databases such as the Tehran University Medical Science Digital Library, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and British library. The studies suggest that phosphine targets the mitochondria and inhibits respiration in rat liver mitochondria, insect mitochondria, and intact nematodes. On the other hand, glutathione (GSH) levels are reduced in various tissues of ALP-poisoned rats, while remaining unchanged in insects and mammalian cells. Also, acetylcholine signaling is an important component of phosphine toxicity. Phosphine (PH3) induces oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in insects, mammalian cells, and other Animals. There is no known antidote for ALP intoxication; but, melatonin as an effective antidote protects against oxidative damage in the brain, lung, and liver of the rats and suggests the involvement of ROS in the genotoxicity of PH3. Cholinesterase inhibition responds to treatment with atropine, pralidoxime, and oral sweet almond oil, especially if used immediately after ALP poisoning. Several treatments have been used in Animals some of which have not been tested in human-beings yet. Such treatments should be given in controlled situations with the hope they may be helpful in treating these patients.

Nowadays, animal ethics/rights is a main branch in applied ethics. In second half of the 20 th century, this field was seriously put in the center of philosophical discussions, and various theories came into existence in defense of Animals. After introducing western theories on this issue, this essay by enjoying of novel thoughts of Allamah Tabatabai that adapted from the Koran’, s doctrines, would set forth a theory on animal status that copes with Islamic texts about Animals. Allamah Tabatabai by enjoying of ayah 38 of surah al-Araf believes that Animals have private beliefs, and these private beliefs result in that Animals reveal various ethical behaviors, that they must be responsible for them. So, they should revive in the resurrection. The consequence of this view is that Animals are persons, and the life could be meaningful or meaningless for them. This exalted status results in high ethical rights for them that we can observe them in Islamic texts.