Background & Aim: Considering the widespread use of composite restorations and the provision of nanocomposites on one side and the common use of mouthwashes, there are concerns about the microhardness of composites and their known complications following mouthwashes. So, the present study was aimed to compare the effect of two mouthwash with Alcohol and without Alcohol on microhardness changes of two types of composite resins. Material and methods: Experimental design was performed. In total, 32 samples of composite specimens of 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm thick were prepared from nano composites Z350 (3M ESPE, USA) and Z250 (3M ESPE, USA). The primary hardness was measured by the Matsuzawa japan machine (Vickers hardness tester), and then the specimens were randomly divided into two subgroups. (n = 8) were then inserted into 20 ml of Alcohol-free and non-Alcoholic listerine mouthwash for 24 hours, then removed the specimens and the secondary microhardness was measured by the apparatus. Microhardness changes in each group were performed by paired Ttest test. Results: The highest microhardness changes in the Z250 micro-hybrid composite in the mouth of the listerin containing Alcohol was 11. 4 ± 3. 4 and the lowest was related to the Z350 nano-fiber composite in the listerine-free zinc mucous membrane at 0. 4 ± 4. 2. Mouthwashes containing Alcohol significantly reduced microhardness in both composites (P <0. 001). Conclusions: It seems that mouthwash containing Alcohol significantly reduces the microhardness of composites. In terms of microstructure, there is no significant difference between the Z350 nanofill composite compared to the Z250 micro hybrid composite when it is placed in the mouthpieces but Z350 nanofill composite showed better functions.

Background &Aim: According to Article No: 174 of Islamic Punishment Law, Alcoholic consumption is a crime and limit law must be excuted. The detection of Alcoholic consumption in our countery is very important. Blood Alcohol level searches in forensic medicine laboratories by two methods: 1) Gas chromatography 2) Respiratory Alcohol detector but the efficacy of these methods hasn't exactly compared yet in Iran procedure: Materials & Methods: In this search 432 doubtful cases that reffered to Khorasan forensic medicine lab were tested. Both methods were done 1) Standard Gas Choromatographyand 2) Respiratory Alcohol Detector.Findings: Respiratory Alcohol Detector test was negative in 51% cases and is positive in 49% when Gas Choromatography was negative in 40% and positive in 60%. In all cases which testing process was positive on Resipiratory Alcohol Detector, in Standard Gas Chromatography was positive too. The mean Alcoholic concentration (MAC) Respiratory Alcohol Detectore is 40.9±10.17 and this index in Gas Choromatography is 41.12±10.96 Conclusion: The sensitivity of Respiratory Alcohol Detector in comparison with Gas Choromatography was 80% and the specialty was 100%. Therefore, there weren't anylalse positive cases in this method but 14.6% were false negative that must be pay attention for interpretation of negative results.

AHaake viscometer was used for viscosity measurements of aqueous polyvinyl Alcohol mixtures at temperatures of 288, 298, and 308 K. It was observed that at low concentration of polyvinyl Alcohol, variations of the measured shear stress (τ) versus shear rate (γ) were linear and therefore, the Newtonian behaviour of the studied mixtures is considered. The modified Eyring viscosity model previously proposed by the authors was used to test the measured data for aqueous polyvinyl Alcohol mixtures. It was shown that the model is well capable to fit the data and the parameters, of the modle are evaluated.

Background and Objectives: The attempts were made to describe the development of a whole cell immobilization of P. pastoris by entrapping the cells in polyacrylamide gel beads. The Alcohol oxidase activity of the whole cell Pichia pastoris was evaluated in comparison with yeast biomass production.Materials and Methods: Methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris was obtained from Collection of Standard Microorganisms, Department of Bacterial Vaccines, Pasteur Institute of Iran (CSMPI). Stock culture was maintained on YPD agar plates. Alcohol oxidase was strongly induced by addition of 0.5% methanol as the carbon source. The cells were harvested by centrifugation then permeabilized. Finally the cells were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel beads. The activity of Alcohol oxidase was determined by method of Tane et al.Results: At the end of the logarithmic phase of cell culture, the Alcohol oxidase activity of the whole cell P. Pastoris reached the highest level. In comparison, the Alcohol oxidase activity was measured in an immobilized P. pastoris when entrapped in polyacrylamide gel beads. The Alcohol oxidase activity of cells was induced by addition of 0.5% methanol as the carbon source. The cells were permeabilized by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and immobilized. CTAB was also found to increase the gel permeability. Alcohol oxidase activity of immobilized cells was then quantitated by ABTS/POD spectrophotometric method at OD420. There was a 14% increase in Alcohol oxidase activity in immobilized cells as compared with free cells. By addition of 2-butanol as a substrate, the relative activity of Alcohol oxidase was significantly higher as compared with other substrates added to the reaction media.Conclusion: Immobilization of cells could eliminate lengthy and expensive procedures of enzyme separation and purification, protect and stabilize enzyme activity, and perform easy separation of the enzyme from the reaction media.

Objective: Clinical and experimental studies strongly suggest that prenatal Alcohol exposure is associated with zinc deficiency and impaired renal tubular function. Whether maternal Alcohol consumption during pregnancy causes renal tubular cell injury is unknown. Material & Methods: Renal function was studied in 8 infants with fetal Alcohol syndrome (FAS) and 8 healthy age-matched infants. Renal function and structure were also examined in 11 offspring of rats exposed to Alcohol during gestation. Findings: Infants with FAS had limited ability to concentrate urine after water restriction (P<0.001) and impaired acidification after acute acid loading (P<0.001) compared to control group. Plasma zinc levels were lower (P<0.001) and urinary zinc excretion was higher (P<0.001) in infants with FAS compared to control infants. Scanning electron microscopic studies revealed cytoplasmic mitochondrial hypertrophy and vacuolar structures of the epithelial cells of the cortical collecting ducts in the rat kidney following fetal exposure to Alcohol.Conclusion: These findings suggest that offspring of rats exposed to Alcohol during fetal life have renal functional and structural abnormalities that may be responsible in the genesis of renal functional abnormalities as described in infants with FAS.