Background: Margarine contains trans fatty acids as major sources of dietary free radicals, and oxidative stress. Effect of oral administration of margarine on hepatic enzyme was investigated in Wistar rats.Methods: Thirty six (36) adult Wistar rats were uniformly divided into three groups of control , margarine 15% and 20%, twelve rats in each groups (6males & 6 females). Margarine was added to the second and third groups chow as 15% and 20% (w/w) respectively. After four months, their blood samples were obtained and the serum levels of ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST) and Alanine AMINO TRANSFERASE (ALT) were measured.Results: Serum levels of AST and ALT in margarine groups were higher than control groups, but it was not significant. Treatment of rats with margarine were not significantly alter the serum levels of liver enzymes in all groups.Conclusion: This result suggests that consumption of margarine may not be toxic at the doses investigated.

Background and Objective: Zinc is an essential ion for living and inter the body from different sources. Since Zn++ interfere on many cellular process such as biological function such as calcium chanalls, this study was designed to investigate the effect of oral ZnCl2 on glucose, Insulin, lipoproteins and liver enzymes in male Rats.Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 48 of Wistar-Albino male Rats randomly allocated into three exprimental and one control groups. Exprimental groups received 50 mg/l, 100 mg/l and 200 mg/l ZnCl2 in drinking water daily for four weeks but the control group received tap water. After four weeks, animals were anesthetized, sacrificed and blood samples were collected. Glucose, insulin, lipoproteins, aspartat AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST) and alanine AMINO TRANSFERASE (ALT) were measured. Data were analyzed by SPSS-11, ANOVA and Tukey-tests.Results: The mean ± SD of Cholesterol in group D (85.7±3.2), HDL in groups B, C, D (66.1±2.7, 67±2.18, 68.83±2.69 mg/dl) and LDL in groups B, C, D (2.8±0.9, 14.6±6.3, 13.4±2.8 mg/dl) respectively were significantly decreased compared with Cholesterol (125.5±4.9 mg/dl), HDL (80.5±3 mg/dl) and LDL (30.3±3.2 mg/dl) in group A. Mean ± SD of glucose, insulin, triglyceride and liver enzymes did not show any differences among the groups.Conclusion: This study showed that ZnCl2 added on drinking water reduce serum lipoproteins in male Rats.

Curcuma longa (turmeric) powder is used abundantly as spice. Turmeric has also been traditionally applied to treat some diseases such as skin inflammation and trauma, bile disorders, diabetes and cancer, especially through Asia and India. Antioxidant properties and therapeutic effects of turmeric have been reported in several literatures. Curcumin as theTurmeric effective substance is used frequently in the investigations but since people are usually using the turmeric powder, this study was performed by administration of its powder. Wistar male rats were used as experimental animals (n=6) in this study. Plasma ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST) and Alanine AMINO TRANSFERASE (ALT) levels were measured before and 24 h, one week and two weeks after i.p. injection of CCL4 (0.005 cc/kg), dissolved in liquid paraffin (0.5 cc/kg). In sham control group, animals were treated only by the vehicle. To investigate the therapeutic effects of the turmeric, in post treatment group, animals were orally treated with turmeric rhizome powder (4 g/kg/day) after CCL4 injection. To investigate both the protective and therapeutic effects of the turmeric in pre and post-treatment group, 15 days oral pretreatment of Curcuma longa powder was applied to the animals, and it was followed by post treatment of the powder after CCL4 injection for several days. To investigate the protective effects of the turmeric in pre-treatment group, treatment was as same as the previous group, except the post treatment.In comparison to sham control, AST and ALT levels in the control group significantly increased 24 hrs after CCL4 treatment and remained high until the last measurement (p<0.001), but there were no significant differences between sham control and other three groups. In the histophysiological study, vacuolar state, hepatocyte lipofication and necrosis were chosen as hepatocytotoxicity criterions, in comparison to sham control group, hepatocytotoxicity was obvious, but there were no hepatocytotoxicity in the pre- and pre+post-treated groups, 24 and 48 h after CCL4 injection.The results showed possible therapeutic and protective effects of Curcuma longa powder on the hepatocyte damage induced by CCL4.

In this study, at first, the effects of the acute toxicity of agricultural pesticide, diazinon, on adult males of gold fish were determined. After analyzing the results using Probit software, the amount of LC50 was distinguished during 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. The amount of LC50 was 11.4 in 96 hours and the fish were assorted according to 0.1 and 0.01 percent of LC50 in 96 hours and were put there for about 7 months. Then, the level of total protein, serum glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine TRANSFERASE (ALT), ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST) was studied. The results showed that fish were affected by high concentration of diazinon, had the lowest ALP (P<0.05) but ALT, AST, glucose and total protein increased significantly (P<0.05).

The pericardiectomy is an effective remedy for some heart disease and the use of the heart biomarkers are a significant way to assessing the surgery on the heart health. In this regard, the Creatine Kinase (CK), ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzymes as spatial heart damage enzymes are particularly important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pericardiectomy surgery on the activity of heart damage marker enzymes in the healthy rabbits. Twelve healthy white male New Zealand rabbits in the same age, approximately weight of 1. 5± 0. 3 kg were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. Experimental group were treated with Pericardiectomy, while the control group undertook Thoracotomy. In order to evaluate CK, LDH and AST enzymes, blood samples were taken from both groups during first, second, third and fourth weeks following the operation. There was a significant difference between CK level of control and experimental groups in 1st week (p<0. 05). Significant difference was observed in experimental group CK in first weak in comparison with 2nd, 3rd and 4th weeks (p<0. 05). There was also a significant increase in AST and LDH level of experimental groups in 2st week (p<0. 05). Difference in experimental group AST and LDH in 2nd week was significant in comparison with 1st, 3rd and 4th weeks (p<0. 05). In general, it is concluded that pericardiectomy may lead to temporary increase of the heart damage enzyme markers in first and second weeks, after this time, the level of the mentioned enzymes will return to the normal range, this damage is transitory.

Objective: Study on some enzymes and protein electrophoretic patterns in order to find an indicator for adequacy of heat treatment in meat products.Design: Experimental study.Procedure: The activities of some enzymes, including: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST) and alanine AMINO TRANSFERASE (ALT), were assayed in meat and heat treated meat products at different time temperatures combinations. Extracts of samples were used for electrophoresis by SDS-PAGE method. Statistical analysis: Analysis of variance and Duncan's test.Results: LDH was active and demonstrated a good stability in samples which were heated up to 65°C for 55 minute. However, its activity started to decline thereafter so that at 70°C no significant activity was observed. ALT and AST were more heat stable than LDH and their activities were still present in heat treated products at 70°C for 30 minutes and vanished at 75°C. Many protein bands disappeared in SDS-PAGE pattern of meat products which heated at 65°C or above.Conclusion: LDH can be considered as a suitable indicator for meat products that have been heated at 70°C or above.

Objective(s): Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) are one of the most widely used nanomaterials recently. Despite the wide application of nanomaterials, there is limited information concerning their impact on human health and the environment. This study aimed to find the effects of Ag-NPs (40 nm) on blood serum, liver and kidney tissues of homing pigeons (Columbia livia).Materials and Methods: Columba livia, in vivo model used in ecotoxicity experiments were gavaged 3 times daily with 75 and 150 ppm of Ag-NPs within 14 days. A group of 30 Pigeon were randomly divided into three groups: Ag-NPs exposed and control groups (n=10). Data analysis was counducted by performing one-way variance (ANOVA) in SPSS.v.16.0Results: The results of this study illustrated that in the enzyme activity of Glutathione S –TRANSFERASE (GST), ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST), Alanine AMINO TRANSFERASE (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenas (LDH) there is a significant difference between treatment groups with Ag-NPs and the control group. Also, lipid peroxidation (LPO) analysis and catalase activity CAT) suggest Ag-NPs cause the main damage to the liver tissue. On the other hand: Ag-NPs have toxic and harmful effects in both concentrations (75 and 150 ppm), and cause LPO induction, oxidative stress and increase of biomarkers of liver necrosis in under treatment pigeons.Conclusion: The results of this study show that the organism’s exposure to Ag-NPs cause toxicity that is dose-dependant. In this study, the highest damage was observed in the liver. However, this issue will have to be considered more extensively in further studies.

Nickel nanoparticles are widely distributed in the environment, resulting in damage to various tissues of body, including the lung, liver, testis, and kidney which is the major effect on the liver tissue. Therefore, this study aims to investigate Curcumin protective effect on the number of enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP) to obtain nickel nanoparticles in rats. In this experimental study, 50 Wistar adult male rats were randomly selected and divided in to five groups (control, witness, receiver group (nickel 50 mg/kg), receiver group (nickel 50 mg/kg + Curcumin 150 mg/kg), and receiver group (nickel 50 mg/kg + Curcumin 300 mg/kg). The treatment of rats continued for 28 days. In the end, after bloodletting of rats, (ALT, AST and ALP) enzymes were investigated. Nickel nanoparticles caused a significant difference in Serum level of ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE, Alanine AMINOTRANSFERASE, and Alkaline Phosphatase enzymes in the class of p < /em> ˂,0. 0001 than the control group. While, Curcumin in different dosages caused a significant reduction in the serum level of enzymes expressed at the class of p < /em> ˂,0. 0001 ratio to the control group. The treatment by Curcumin results in reducing the liver damage induced by nickel nanoparticles. Also, we can say that the concurrent consumption of Curcumin with nickel nanoparticle due to the antioxidant properties of Curcumin reduces this activity.

Background and aims: Methyl mercury is a well- known environmental pollutant and toxicant to the nervous tissue, particularly during development of prodecure of brain. Low concentration of methyl mercury chloride (MMC) can be transferred to the fetus through the placenta and to newborn offspring through dam. This study aimed at investigating the toxicity significant difference effect of methyl mercury chlyoride on nearborn rat.Methods: In this experimental study 21 adult female Wistar rats were devided in 3 groups, 2 experimental and 1 control group, the experimental groups were inoculated with MMC 0.5 and 4.5 mg/kg on the 15th, 16th and 17th gestation days. On day 25 after birth, 6 newborn rats from each experimental group were anesthetized. Blood samples were collected, alanine AMINO TRANSFERASE (ALT), gamma glutamyle TRANSFERASE (GGT), ASPARTATE AMINO TRANSFERASE (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tri iodo thyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and growth hormone (GH) were determined according to routine laboratory methods and the amount of mercury accumulation in some tissues were measured using atomic absorbtion. Histological examination of the brain, liver and kidney were also performed. The data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann Whitny tests.Results: Serum analysis showed no significant difference in the experimental groups in GGT, AST, ALT, T4 compared to control group (P>0.05). Also ALP, T3 and GH significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05). The mercury accumulation significantly increased retrospectively in brain, thyroid, kidney and liver with the increase in the injection dose (P<0.005). In the histopathologic study of the brain, degeneration and apoptosis were observed.Conclusion: This study showes that exposure to the low doses of induced MMC, reduces T3, growth hormone and it decreases ALP level in experimental groups compared to the control group. It may impair memory, learning and growth.