In studying different taxonomic aspects of the tribe Echinophoreae, the typification status of all species was reviewed. In the present study, authors of the paper designated a syntype for Pycnocycla aucheriana var. aucheriana name and rejected type conditions for a few specimens of Anisosciadium orientale and P. aucheriana var. aucheriana. In addition, some corrections in location and specimen information have been made on a number of type specimens of A. orientale, P. cespitosa, and P. spinosa var. aitchisonii at herbaria C, K, and P.

Objective: APIACEAE (Umbelliferae) family is one of the biggest plant families on the earth. Iran has a huge diversity of APIACEAE members. This family possesses a range of compounds that have many biological activities. The members of this family are well known as vegetables, culinary and medicinal plants. Here, we present a review of ethnobotanical uses of APIACEAE plants by the Iranian people in order to provide a comprehensive documentation for future investigations.Materials and Methods: We checked scientific studies published in books and journals in various electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar websites) from 1937 to 2015 and reviewed a total of 52 publications that provided information about different applications of these plant species in human and livestock.Results: As a result of this review, several ethnobotanical usages of 70 taxa, 17 of which were endemic, have been determined. These plants were used for medicinal and non-medicinal purposes. The most commonly used parts were fruits, leaves, aerial parts and gums. The most common methods of preparation were decoction, infusion and poultice.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this paper represents a comprehensive literature search of ethnobotanical uses of APIACEAE reported from Iran. This study highlights the rich traditional knowledge of this family that has remained in Iran. However, most of this knowledge survive only as memories from the past in the minds of the elderly, and will probably vanish in a few decades. Thus, we compiled these scattered data together in a single document for the next scientific works with ethnobotanical interests.

The pollen morphology of Tetrataenium lasiopetalum and T. nephrophyllum was studied by SEM and LM. The results confirmed the stenopalynous characteristic of the family APIACEAE. The palynological observations revealed that pollen grains of two studied species of Tetrataenium are prolate in shape and posses tricolporate aperture. The exine sculpturing of both species are rugulate. Therefore, T. lasiopetalum and T. nephrophyllum are similar in palynological characters and could be included in subrectangular pollen type as classified by Cerceau - Larrival.

The pollen morphology of two species belonging to the genus Diplotaenia Boiss. have been investigated by SEM and LM. The results confirm the stenopalynous character of the family APIACEAE. The palynological observations reveal that pollen grains of the genus Diplotaenia are prolate in shape and posses tri-colporate aperture with costae. The sculpturing of both species are rugulate. Therefore D. cachrydifolia and D.damavandica are similar in palynological characters, and show the type of Cerceau-Larrival’s classification as sub-rectangular.

This study was conducted to investigate the complete sequences of nuclear ITS region, which determined five species of Eryngium L. APIACEAE in Iraq to inference phylogenetic relationships. Pycnocycla aucheriana was used as outgroups. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using ClastalW in MEGA6 version 7.0.4.1 with high supported (bootstrapping) value for each clade in a dendrogram. The phylogenetic trees showed Eryngium glomerutum as the basal lineage in a dendrogram. The sister clade to E. glomerutum was E. billardieri which form the second clade in phylogenetic trees. The third clade included only E. creticum which is considered as a sister clade to the E. campestre and E. thyrosoideum in the dendrogram. Finally, the monophylly of each clade was well supported, and phylogenetic relationships between Enyngium species was cleared based on DNA Sequencing character.

The APIACEAE family includes some of the most known medicinal, food and spice species in the world some of which have been used by humans since antiquity. Local people in different regions use many species of the family but the information regarding their uses is scattered. Traditionally used species are good candidates for bioprospecting. Combining traditional uses with phylogenetic data helps in selecting species for bioprospecting. In the present study, an ethnobotanical literature review was conducted to outline a comprehensive overview of the ethnobotanical importance of the family in Iran. To highlight the most ethnobotanically used groups in the family, ethnobotanical data were overlapped with generic phylogeny tree of the subfamily Apioideae. In total, 72 species (17. 27%) from 42 genera (33. 87%) were found to have ethnobotanical uses. Main uses of the family members were medicinal purposes (67. 30%) followed by culinary (25%) and ethnoveterinary (11. 11%) uses. Two categories of potential species groups for further bioprospecting investigations have been identified based on the phylogenetic analysis. Based on the findings of the present study, phylogenetic analysis can help in identifying potential groups for bioprospecting studies. More rigorous phylogenetic analysis that combines chemotaxonomy data, ethnomedicinal data and phylogenetic data are necessary to pinpoint exact lineages for specific medicinal properties.