Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the major pathogens causing burnt wound infection in hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of exoenzyme U (exoU) and exoenzyme S (exoS) genes and the ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from burn patients' samples in Kermanshah City, Iran.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 194 samples were tested with conventional bacteriological methods. After evaluation of ANTIBIOTIC sensitivity with disc diffusion method, specific primers were deployed to assess the frequency of exoU and exoS genes among isolates. The retrieved data were analyzed using SPSS software. Findings: From 91 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 72 (79.1%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates. The most prevalent ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCEs were against gentamicin (79.1%) and ceftazidime (74.7%); the most prevalent sensitivities were against colistin (100%) and polymixin B (92.3%). The frequency of exoU and exoS genes was 80.2% and 68.1%, respectively. There were significant relationships between the frequency of exoU gene and RESISTANCE to ceftazidime (P=0.041) and cefotaxime (P=0.050).Conclusion: Considering the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in burn wound infections and the role of cytotoxin and ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes in colonization and survival of this bacteria, avoiding home remedies, accurate detection of virulence factors, and recognition of ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN among the isolates in order to choose the appropriate ANTIBIOTIC regimen to prevent infection seem to be necessary.

Introduction: Cholera is an infectious disease caused by a gram negative facultatively anaerobic bacterium called Vibrio Cholera from contaminated food or water. Cholera may be asymptomatic or indicated by mild to severe diarrhea. The main treatment of diarrhea is the replacement of water and electrolytes and if needed, ANTIBIOTIC therapy. ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE varies in different parts of Iran. This study seeks.Objective: To determine the ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE of V. Cholerae strains in Guilan province, summer 1390 (2011).Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on Vibrio Cholera isolates from the respective patients in 1390 summer epidemic in Guilan province. All samples were inoculated to Carry-Blair medium, then to alkaline peptone water (APW). After incubation, a loopful of the culture was taken from the surface of APW on TCBS medium. After incubation the yellow colonies were cultured in KIA medium. Serologic tests were carried out by o1 polyvalent antisera, and if positive, the test was performed by Inaba and Ogawa monovalent antiserum. Disk diffusion antibiogram was done for the 7 ANTIBIOTICs by Kirby Bauer method. Data were analyzed descriptively by Excel 2007 software.Results: From the 161 samples, 142 were positive for cholera of which 140 (98.5%) were related to Ogawa serotypes. Eighty samples (57%) were from the females. The mean age of the infected people was 38 yrs (range 3-84 yrs). The largest number of samples were sent from Lahijan (n=39). All the isolated samples were positive for motility, indole, citrate and oxides tests. Antibiogram study revealed 97%, 90%, 23.5%, 20%, 11% , 10% ,1.2% of the samples were resistant to Nitrofurantoin, Co-trimoxazole, Chloramphenicol, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Erythromycin, and Ciprofloxacin, respectively.Discussion: In this study, RESISTANCE to Ciprofloxacine was 1.2% and 57% of the isolates were intermediate. It seems that RESISTANCE is low in IRAN. Regarding the high sensitivity of separated vibrio to Tetracycline and Doxycycline (76%), they may be useful in the treatment of cholera.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial RESISTANCE and the presence of ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes in Vibrios spp. isolated from seafood. A total of 72 isolates of Vibrio in 6 species including V. parahaemolyticus, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, V. harveyi, V. mimicus and V. cholerae were examined. The results revealed that all isolates were expressing multiple ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCEs. Of the 72 strains tested, 70 were resistant to ampicillin (97.2%), 60 to gentamycin (83.3%) and 56 to penicillin (77.7%). Eight strains were resistant to 4 ANTIBIOTIC, 19 resistant to five ANTIBIOTICs, 10 to six ANTIBIOTICs, 34 to seven ANTIBIOTICs and one to eight ANTIBIOTICs. Results also revealed that 20 Vibrio strains (27.7% of total examined strains) contained one to three of the ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE genes. StrB, tetS and ermB genes coding for streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin RESISTANCE were found in 18, 6, 5 isolates, respectively and Sulfamethoxazole RESISTANCE gene, sul2, was not detected in this study. Detection of RESISTANCE genes in Vibrio strains obtained from seafood is considered as a potential danger for consumers and also suggests that these RESISTANCE determinants might be further disseminated in habitats, thus constituting a serious health risks to human.

Background & Aims of the Study: ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE is an important problem in health care. The aim of this study was the survey of prevalence of bacteria isolated in a university affiliated hospital (Kerman, Iran) and detection of ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE among major pathogens.Materials & Methods: In this cross-sectional study, during a 3-year period (from June 2006 to June 2009) 14699 samples such as urine, blood, sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid obtained from patients hospitalized in a university affiliated hospital (Kerman, Iran). After isolation and identification of bacteria using standard microbiologic methods, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE testing was performed with the diffusion-disk method for several ANTIBIOTICs.Results: A total of 1910 (12.15%) specimens were positive for bacterial contamination. The cultures most positive cases were from urine specimen (67.75%). The majority of frequent microorganisms isolated wereE. coli (41.52%), Staphylococcus aureus (17.96%), Klebsiella pneumoniae(9.48%), Staphylococcus coagulase-negative (8.27%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.49%), respectively. The high rate of RESISTANCE of E. coli was related to amoxicillin (70.36%), Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin (66.76%), Klebsiella pneumoniaeto amoxicillin (62.76%), Staphylococcus coagulase-negative to penicillin (74.68%) andPseudomonas aeruginosa to cefotaxime (71.32%).Conclusions: We found that antimicrobial RESISTANCE is a problem of our hospital. The high consumption of ANTIBIOTIC in the community can be a cause of a major problem in treatment.

Background and Objective: Salmonellosis is a gastroentritidis which caused by the different serovars of Salmonella genus, and responsible for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Food born disease is one of the growing problems of human societies especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate and serogroup determination of Salmonella isolates from food along with ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN. Methods: This descriptive study was performed on total of 400 in equal of 200 packed and 200 unpacked samples of (red meat, chicken meat, egg, vegetable) collected in random from distributed in Tehran, Iran during nine months in 2018. Microbial, biochemical and serological test was performed according to protocol number of 1800 of national standard. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was done by disk diffusion (MAST, Co, UK) method. Results: Out of 400 samples 8 (2%) was identified as Salmonella. The unpacked foods were more contaminated (75%) compared to packed foods (25%). The most isolated serogrouping were belonging to especially D. Salmonella. The chicken samples were more contaminated (37. 5%) than other samples. The isolated Salmonella were mostly RESISTANCE to nalidixic acid (75%). Conclusion: The Salmonella isolated particularly from group 1 showed higher antimicrobial RESISTANCE, additional care should be taken in preparation, packaging and supplying the food samples.

Background and Objective: The excessive use of broad-spectrum ANTIBIOTICs will lead to drug RESISTANCE of microorganism and specially nosocomial organisms. Because of high incidence of ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE in hospitals, we aimed to study ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE to gram negative bacteria.Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on the data of biological samples (2006-2008), with positive culture result. Using antibiogram, microbial RESISTANCE to isolated microorganism was determined, and after culturing the samples, bacteria were identified by using differential media and antiserum. Then, ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE was performed by disk diffusion.Results: The most common gram-negative microorganism obtained from all cultures was Ecoli with the lowest drug RESISTANCE to Nitrofurantoin.Conclusion: Based on the results, antimicrobial RESISTANCE PATTERN is not the same in different places and furthermore it is ever changing. Therefore, further research is needed to be done to have an accurate PATTERN of ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE to provide effective treatment regimens.

Introduction: The present study was designed to determine the patter-n of ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE of Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from urinary tract infection in Jahrom aiming at a rapid and appropriate empirical management. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on l08 urine samples of patients with urinary tract infection in Jahrom hospitals and general practice in 2003. ANTIBIOTIC susceptibility was done by disk diffusion method and MIC.Results: Gentamic in had the least effect on E. coli with 72.1% RESISTANCE. Co-trimoxazol and rifampin were the most effective oral ANTIBIOTICs. 89.5 percent of the E.coli were resistantto two or more ANTIBIOTICs. The most associated RESISTANCE was co-trimoxazol-rifampin and cotrimoxazol-gentamicin Conclusion: Based on the results gentamicin and co-trimoxazol were less effective for treatment of urinary tract infection, but nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin were appropriate for empirical treatment.

Background and Objective: Gastroenteritis due to Salmonella is common in human and considered as a global dilemma of public health. This study was done to determine the PATTERN of serotyping and ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE of Salmonella in children with diarrhea in Iran.Methods: In this laboratory study, 306 stool samples were collected from children with diarrhea in public health centers in Robat-karim, Tehran province, Iran. The specimens were enriched in Selenite F medium and then cultured on Hekton agar. The identification of Salmonella was carried out by conventional method and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to CLSI procedures.Results: Out of 306 stool samples, 7.2 % were identified as Salmonella species, as follow: 7 Salmonella typhi, 6 Salmonella paratyphi B, 3 Salmonella paratyphi C, 2 Salmonella paratyphi A and 4 samples were not identifiable. There was a significant relation between presence of WBC in fecal and salmonellosis (P<0.05). In drug sensitivity trends, 92.3% of Salmonella species were sensitive to chloramphenicol, ceftizoxime, Nalidixic acid and Amikacin.Conclusion: This study showed that Salmonella was the cause of children diarrhea in 7.2% in this region.

In this study, the presence of methicillin-resistant gene (mecA) and ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN were investigated in coagulase positive staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) isolated from referred dogs to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz. Nasal swabs were collected from 143 dogs referred to Veterinary Hospital of Ahvaz and were cultured in mannitol salt agar (MSA) and blood agar. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were identified by routine identification methods. From 67 coagulase-positive staphylococci (13 isolates Staphylococcus aureus and 54 isolates Staphylococcus pseudintermedius) and by using specific primers for the methicillin-resistant gene (mecA), 28 (41.79%) isolates possessed themecA gene. The presence of this gene was showed in 7 Staphylococcus aureus(25%) and 21 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (75%) isolates. Among isolates carrying methicillin RESISTANCE gene (mecA), maximum RESISTANCE was to ampicillin (92.85%) and then to penicillin (57.14%), cloxacillin (42.58%), oxacillin (35.71%), tetracycline (32.14%), ceftazidime (25%), erythromycin and azithromycin (21.42%), gentamicin and Ceftizoxime (14.28%), methicilline, norfloxacin, meropenem, and cotrimoxazole (10.71%). No RESISTANCE was observed to vancomycin, chloramphenicol, rifampin, and nitrofurantoin in these isolates. Among isolates without methicillin RESISTANCE gene (mecA), highest RESISTANCE was to ampicillin (84.61%) and then to penicillin (48.71%), tetracycline (23.07%), oxacillin (20.51%), gentamicin (7.69%), chloramphenicol, erythromycin, azithromycin, cotrimoxazole (5.12%) and ceftazidime (2.54%) respectively. No RESISTANCE was observed to oxacillin, meropenem, vancomycin, ceftizoxime, rifampin, methicilline and nitrofurantoin. Identification and monitoring of methicillin-resistant staphylococci and determination of their ANTIBIOTIC susceptibility PATTERN are essential for successful treatment and preventing the spread of ANTIBIOTIC-resistant strains. These studies have also led to awareness and promote effective practices to prevent the spread of resistant strains.