Introduction: Congenital adrenal HYPERPLASIA (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by any of the enzymatic steps required to synthesize adrenal hormones. Depending on the enzymatic step that is deficient, there may be clinical AND laboratory finding. The aim was to evaluate. The epidemiology AND clinical finding of CAH.Material AND Methods: The clinical AND laboratory characteristics of 68 patients with CAH who were managed in the pediatric Endocrinology unit of Imam Reza Hospital during 7 years were recorded in this study the clinical AND, epidemiological characteristics of congenital adrenal HYPERPLASIA were evaluated in 68 patients admitted Imam Reza Hospital in Mashed, also on patient has been followed in endocrine AND metabolism pediatric clinic in this time, during 6 years retrospectively AND 1 year prospectively.Results: Parental consanguinity rate among families of patients was higher than the general population in Mashad (73.8% vs 30%). In 44.6% of patients the history of disease was positive in sibling. 52.2% of patients were males AND 47.8% females. 21- Hydroxylase deficiency was present in 60 patients (88.2%), salt -losing form in 40(66.7%) AND simple virilizing form in 20 (33.3%) of them. 11- β hydroxylase deficiency was presents (10.3%). Also one case of 3- β OHSD was reported.The median chronological age at diagnsis in sall- losing form was 75 AND 85 days in boys AND girls; in simple - virilizing form were 46 AND 43 months in boys AND girls. 14 of girls were considered to be male before diagnosis was established.Conclusion: This study underscores the necessity for prospective neonatal screening, so that the benefits of early diagnosis AND treatment can be realized.In addition the incidence of CAH is expected to be high due to a high rate of consanguinity in our population, here genetic counseling before marriage is beneficial in our population.

The polite listener In EnglAND stares at the speaker attentively AND blinks his eyes occasionally as a sign of interest. That eye-blink says nothing to Americans, who expect the listener to nod or to murmur something such as "mm - hmm”. AND in some parts of  Far East, it is impolite to look at the other person at all during conversation.It is often argued that, in teaching foreign languages, culture AND language are interwoven in a way that it is not possible to present language without its culture. However, until a new method of teaching language, called communicative approach, which is sociolinguistically oriented, had not come into existence, this belief was not used to be observed in textbooks AND language classes. This method intends to create situations in the classroom in which foreign language can be used as naturally AND authentically as the native speakers of target language use it for communicative purposes.The problem of teaching culture, nevertheless, does not end here. Nowadays, foreign languages are taught with different AND varied objectives. Is it necessary for all foreign language learners to get familiar with the culture of foreign language they are supposed to learn? As Schumann (1984) claims, is it true that second language learning is impossible, unless one gives up his/her own native culture AND adopts the culture of foreign language community? What are some relevant issues regarding teaching English in Iran? These are actually some basic questions raised in this article. Whereas definite answers are not necessarily provided in this paper, some areas of research related to culture, AND teaching foreign language are put forward.

Congenital adrenal HYPERPLASIA (CAH) is an of autosomal recessive disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis leading to a deficiency of cortisol.The deficiency of cortisol results in increased secretion of corticotropin which, in turn leads to adrenocortical HYPERPLASIA AND overproduction of intermediary metabolites. In 90% of the cases, with this disease, there is a problem with the enzyme 21 hydroxylase (21 OHD). Severe AND mild forms of these disorders, caused by variations in the severity of the genetic mutations have been reported. Depending on the enzymatic step that is deficient, there may be signs, symptoms AND laboratory findings of mineralocorticoid deficiency or excess; incomplete virilization or premature ANDrogenization of the affected male AND virilization or sexual infantalism in the affected female. It appears that this disease is more prevalent in Iran because of the custom of family marriages, however its exact prevalence needs correct diagnosis AND documentation of cases. In this article the process of the disorders, diagnosis AND treatment will be discussed.

Heck's disease or focal epithelial HYPERPLASIA is a benign contagious disease caused by human papillomavirus types 13 or 32. It occurs with low frequency in the Iranian population. This condition is characterized by the occurrence of multiple, small papules or nodules in the oral cavity, especially on the labial AND buccal mucosa AND tongue. In some populations, up to 39% of children are affected. Conservative surgical excision of lesions may be performed for diagnostic or aesthetic purposes. The risk of recurrence after this therapy is minimal, AND there seems to be no malignant transformation potential. In the present work, we presented the clinical case of a 12-year-old Iranian girl with oral lesions that clinically AND histologically correspond to Heck's disease.

The present article criticizes the book “ Phenomenology AND Mysticism” by Anthony J. Steinbock. The writer has tried to identify religious AND mystical experiences by the use of phenomenological’ s style AND helping from concepts such as “ evidence” , “ phenomenological’ s reduction” AND “ intention” . Steinbock’ s main concern is to consider the reaction between the phenomenology AND theology to make a connection AND relation among the vast range of religious beliefs with philosophical problems such as “ evidence” , “ selfhood” , AND “ otherness” . Lack of stability in his point of view, inability in sufficient analysis, contradiction in terms, etc. weaken his attitude in this book. Furthermore, this book contains problems in content AND writing considered as a serious downsides of the book.

Focal epithelial HYPERPLASIA (Heck) is a rare lesion caused by human papilloma virus subtype 13 or 32 AND presents as multiple small white or pink papules on the mucosal surface of lips, buccal mucosa AND tongue usually seen in children AND adolescent of American Indian AND Eskimo background.This disease has a genetic basis. The site of new lesions AND recurrence are unpredictable. Continued follow up of the patient is often necessary. In this report, a 50-year-old woman is described with benign papillomatous lesions on dorsal surface of tongue for 15 years.