In the present work, characterization of the surface trenches and vacancies with AMPLITUDE MODULATION AFM (AM-AFM) using Molecular Dynamics (MD) is simulated and the effects of the tip shape on the resulting images are investigated. The simulated system includes a recently developed gold coated AFM probe which interacts with a sample including a surface trench or a single-atom vacancy. In order to examine the behavior of the above system, including different transition metals, a Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation with Sutton-Chen (SC) interatomic potential is used. Special attention is dedicated to the study of tip geometry effects such as the tip apex radius, the tip cone angle, the probe tilt angle, the tip apex atoms number, and the tip axis direction with respect to the FCC lattice structure on the resulting images.

The AMPLITUDE MODULATION of three-dimensional (3D) dust ion-acoustic wave (DIAW) packets is studied in a collision less magnetized plasma with inertial positive ions, super thermal electrons and negatively charged immobile dust grains. By using the reductive perturbation technique, a 3D-nonlinear Schrodinger equation is derived, which governs the slow MODULATION of DIAW packets. The latter are found to be stable in the low-frequency (w < wc) regime, whereas they are unstable for w > wc, and the MODULATIONal instability is related to the MODULATIONal obliqueness (q). Here, w(wc) is the no ndimensional wave (ion-cyclotron) frequency. It is shown that the super thermal parameterj, the frequency wc as well as the charged dust impurity (0 < m < 1) shift the MI domains around the w–q plane, where m is the ratio of electron-to-ion number densities. Furthermore, it is found that the decay rate of instability is quenched by the super thermal parameter k with cutoffs at lower wave number of MODULATION (K); however, it can be higher (lower) with increasing values of m(wc) having cutoffs at higher values of K.

This paper proposes an analytical model for evaluating the performance of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) for all optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (AO-OFDM) optical wireless channel. The investigated performance for proposed system is evaluated for the parameters bit error rate (BER) and Q factor. The constellation diagrams, and bit error rate (BER) of the received signals are specified. The effect of atmospheric attenuation of the outdoor wireless optical communication system was induced (channel impairments) such as medium rain, light rain, and dust to find their effects on system performance carrier wavelength. The results show the BER and constellation diagram under different weather conditions for different transmission distance using Quadrature AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM) AO-OFDM-optical wireless channel (OWC).

Background and Aim: Auditory stream segregation is a phenomenon that splits sounds into different streams. The temporal cues that contribute for stream segregation have been previously studied in normal hearing people. In people with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), the cues for temporal envelope coding is not usually affected, while the temporal fine structure cues are affected. These two temporal cues depend on the AMPLITUDE MODULATION frequency. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of sinusoidal AMPLITUDE modulated (SAM) broadband noises on stream segregation in individuals with SNHL. Methods: Thirty normal hearing subjects and 30 subjects with mild to moderate bilateral SNHL participated in the study. Two experiments were performed; in the first experiment, the AB sequence of broadband SAM stimuli was presented, while in the second experiment, only B sequence was presented. A low (16 Hz) and a high (256 kHz) standard MODULATION frequency were used in these experiments. The subjects were asked to find the irregularities in the rhythmic sequence. Results: Both the study groups could identify the irregularities similarly in both the experiments. The minimum cumulative delay was slightly higher in the SNHL group. Conclusion: It is suggested that the temporal cues provided by the broadband SAM noises for low and high standard MODULATION frequencies were not used for stream segregation by either normal hearing subjects or those with SNHL.

In this paper, we have analyzed the effect of time periodic temperature MODULATION on convective stability in anisotropic porous cavity. The cavity is heated from below and cooled from above. A weakly non-linear stability analysis is done to find Nusselt number governing the heat transport. The infinitely small disturbances are expanded in terms of power series of AMPLITUDE of MODULATION. Analytically the nonautonomous Ginzburg- landau AMPLITUDE equation is obtained for the stationary mode of convection. The effects of various parameters like Vadasz number, mechanical and thermal anisotropic parameters, AMPLITUDE of oscillations, frequency of MODULATION and aspect ratio of the cavity on heat transport is studied and plotted graphically. It is observed that the heat transport can also be controlled by suitably adjusting the external and internal parameters of the system.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is capable of imaging the surface of sample, as well as obtaining the information about mechanical properties of samples such as elastic modulus. Nano indentation using the atomic force microscope makes it a powerful technique to determine elastic properties like the Young's modulus for biological samples. JPK IP software is easy procedure and suitable to obtain elastic data and calculate young modulus.