Introduction: Salmonella Bacterium is not only a causative factor of typhoid fever, enterocolitis, and salmonellosis, but it is also a zoonotic infection. This bacterium is a major health problem throughout the world, and is especially prevalent in developing countries. Therefore, rapid diagnosis of salmonella can prevent its outbreak. Different techniques are used for the diagnosis of  Salmonella bacteria, such as; culture, biochemical, serological, ELISA, Widal, immunofluorescence and molecular methods like PCR and Real time PCR,all of which are difficult, time-consuming, and expensive. Thus, our study was designed to evaluate the LAMP (Loop-mediated isothermal DNA AMPLIFICATION method) for detection of salmonella bacteria.Materials & Methods: In this study, we examined 7 different strains of salmonella.  The DNA was extracted by standard methods and amplified with specific primers by PCR and set of primers for LAMP in single temperature in very simple thermal block made in Iran. The amplified products were detected by gel electrophoresis and LAMP products were visualized by their turbidity with naked eye.Findings: Conventional PCR method for detection of Salmonella needs standard thermocylcer and takes 3 hours, but using  LAMP method, we were able to amplify and detect salmonella in simple thermoblock, taking much less time. After optimization of the process, it was, soon, possible to detect and identify Salmonella typhi bacteria within 90 minutes. This method is also 10 times more sensitive than that of the PCR.Discussion & Conclusion: According to the results, comparing LAMP method for detection and identification of Salmonella with conventional PCR, we have been able to determine the simplicity, speed and the superior sensitivity of the LAMP method. This Method is more simple, faster and cheaper. Non-dependence of cycle's temperature and thermo-cycling and replacement with one thermo block which is very simple, inexpensive and made inside the country, can be considered another advantage of the LAMP method.

Background: Several different molecular methods have been developed that are capable of detecting HIV-1 in clinical specimens with different levels of sensitivity and specificity. This article describes the results of a reliability study on the development and application of a new real-time TMA method for isothermal detection of HIV-1.Materials and Methods: In this ex Primental study, the molecular beacon primer and probe set were designed for a 176-base-pair region of HIV-1 pol gene using a specialized software.Logarithmic serial dilutions from 10-107 copies of an in-vitro transcribed RNA were used for determination of the analytical sensitivity of the assay. Clinical specimens that had previously been evaluated positive or negative by a valid commercial assay were used for assessing the clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay.Results: The analytical and clinical sensitivities of the assay were determined 500 copies/ml and 93.3%, respectively. The primers and the probe were HIV-1 specific and no cross-reaction was observed with other blood-borne viruses and human genome bioinformatically. The clinical specificity of the developed real-time TMA assay was examined experimentally using 20 negative samples and determined to be 100%.Conclusion: The developed real-time TMA assay can be used as an appropriate tool for the rapid and isothermal detection of HIV-1 in patients' blood and plasma samples.

Background & Objectives: Spleen largest lymphoid organ in the body and its role is blood filtering, strengthen the immune system, storage and hematopoiesis. Trauma, congenital pathologic is the indications of splenectomy. The aim of this study was evaluation 10 years splenectomy indications in Children's Hospital of Tabriz.Material and Methods: In a retrospective and descriptive study that performed on the children who underwent splenectomy in Tabriz Children's Hospital, the indications of splenectomy in these children evaluated.Results: 34 of studied children were boys and 35 of studied children were girls. Mean age of boy children was 99.20 ± 42.77 months and the mean age of girl children was 125.42 ± 35.24 (P=0.007). Major beta-talassemia in 23 cases was the most common indication for splenectomy in studied children. Spleen size in 22 children was normal and in 47 children spleen size was great. Platelet drop in two cases, port vein thrombosis in 3 cases, heard failure in two cases, sepsis, recurrent meningitis, sepsis and CVA in one of the studied children were postoperative complications in children underwent for splenectomy. Only seven cases of studied children had died after surgery that two cases of mortality causes was heart failure due to talassemia. In our study, trauma in 3 cases (4.34%) of the studied children was the splenectomy indications that one of these children had died.Conclusion: Major beta-talassemia, hereditary spherocitosis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were the most common causes of spelenctomy in the studied children and in our study, 5 of children with talassemia were died that 2 causes was heart failure due to talassemia, 2 cases due to port vein thrombosis and one case due to CVA. Postoperative complication rate was 23.18% and risk of infection and sepsis in our study was 3.07% and also the mortality rate in our study was 10.1%.

Background and purpose: Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica are common liver flukes which affect both human and livestock worldwide. In this study we evaluated the loop-mediated isothermal AMPLIFICATION (LAMP) assay for detection and discrimination of Fasciola species.Materials and methods: Fifty adults of Fasciola worms were isolated from sheep and cattle liver form abattoirs in Mazandaran province. A total of 8 primer sets for LAMP was designed to amplify the 28S ribosomal RNA gene of Fasciola sp. Conventional LAMP was carried out in a 20mI reaction mixture under isothermal condition at 60oC for 90 minutes. AMPLIFICATION result was observed by monitoring the turbidity by naked-eye, using fluorescent dye and gel electrophoresis. The specificity of LAMP method for detecting Fasciola sp. was tested by AMPLIFICATION of Dicrocoelium dendriticum, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, and Echinococcus granulosus DNA templates. To evaluate the detection limit of LAMP assay in detecting Fasciola genus, serial dilution of the extracted DNA was used.Results: A positive LAMP reaction by the specific primers of two species produced many bands of different sizes in 600C after 90 min. The optimal assay conditions were established with no reaction with other parasites’ DNA. The detection limit of this LAMP assay was 1 pg DNA/tube. The result of turbidity and fluorescent dye detection were consistent with agarose gel electrophoresis. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that LAMP is a rapid, cost-effective, highly specific, easy, and reliable method for differentiation of Fasciola sp. in epidemiological and clinical researches on human and domestic animals in endemic regions of fasciolosis.

Background: Due to some problems of serological assays in diagnosis of patients infected with HIV-1 and HCV, the use of molecular assay has become widely accepted. However, molecular assays have a major drawback of high cost and dependency to expensive thermocycler instruments.Methods: This research described the development of a multiplex nucleic acid sequence-based AMPLIFICATION (NASBA) assay for the simultaneous or single detection of HIV-1 and HCV genomes in plasma samples. The sensitivity and specificity of this assay has been evaluated using several clinical samples.Findings: The results showed that the primers used in this assay did not have any interactions with each other or with other possible interfering agents. The analytical sensitivity of this assay for both HIV-1 and HCV was calculated as 1000 copies/ml. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the assay were considered as 90% and 100%, respectively.Conclusion: The developed multiplex NASBA assay can be used for simultaneous or single detection of HIV-1 and HCV viruses with a suitable sensitivity and specificity. Due to easy application, multiplexity, and no need to thermocycler instruments, this assay can be used as a low cost method in laboratories with limited instruments.

Topography and geological characteristics have significant effect on seismic response of structures. Most studies have focused on the AMPLIFICATION caused by a single topography. Limited research has been conducted on adjacent topographies. The main aims in this paper are studying the most important factors that affect the AMPLIFICATION ration in the hill topography. The angle between the layers one hill, have a distinct effect of this ratio. In this research, this angle and its effect on the AMPLIFICATION ratio is studied. Another important issue is the adjacent hills and their interaction on each other. In the other word, the distance between the adjacent hills, the geometry shape of the hills, homogenous and non-homogenous soil parameters are the most important factors. These factors are studied in this research with a vast numerical analysis based on Finite Difference Method. It should be mentioned that all the models are in dry condition, so the water table level is neglected in the numerical analyses. The effects of these parameters are studied on the AMPLIFICATION ratio of the base hill. The base hill is assumed the hill without any topographic situation near it, for example hill or valley topography near the base hill. In this paper, the AMPLIFICATION of homogenous and non-homogenous hills with semicircular and alternating geometry has been investigated. FLAC2D software is a finite difference program of Itasca software that is used for continuous environments. In order to investigate the effect of the distance between topography, intermittent semicircular hills are located at distances of 0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 times the height of the hill. In order to investigate the effect of lateral hill height on the seismic AMPLIFICATION of the studied topography, the height of the side hill is 0.0, 0.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 times the height of the studied hill. The distance between the hills is half the height of the studied hill. In order to study the geometry of the side hill on the results of the resonance of the studied hill, the side hill is considered in triangular, semicircular and trapezoid geometry. The geometry of the studied hill is semicircular and the height of both hills is equal. Due to the semicircular geometry, ratio of height (h) to half the width of the hill (l), equal to (h/l=1). The mesh sizes of the models are taken 2× 2 meters. In software modeling, the model boundaries should be considered so large that the waves reflected from the borders are almost dumped and have no effect on the results. ‏‏ The ratio of maximum displacement of the desired point in the model with topography (PGD response) (Peak Ground Displacement) to the maximum displacement of the desired point in the reference model (PGD reference) is expressed as magnification in displacement (UX). The obtained results in this research show that increasing the distance between the hills, decreases the AMPLIFICATION. The results show that increasing the height of the side hill up to 3 times the height of the studied base hill, increases the AMPLIFICATION up to 40%. The results indicate that geometry of the adjacent hill affects the seismic response of the base hill. Reducing the shear wave speed in the non-homogeneous hill reduces the AMPLIFICATION of the base hill compared to the homogenous hill. For adjacent non-homogenous hills, resonance increases, so AMPLIFICATION decreases in the homogeneous base hill. The obtained numerical results show that the adjacent hill’s geometry shape, its distance to the base hill, the non-homogenous soil properties of the adjacent hill and also the layering in the adjacent hill, have distinct effects on the AMPLIFICATION ratio of the base hill