Objective: Many reports have revealed preventive and therapeutic effects of Ziziphoratenuior,however, few systematic reviews have evaluated such effects. The present study reviews the physiological and pharmacological effects of Z. tenuior extract and its components. Materials and Methods: English articles were searched in international databases, such as Embase, Scopus, and PubMed,Persian studies were also searched in national databases such as SID and Magiran. Results: Pulegone is one of the most important effective compounds of Z. tenuior, which has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-stress properties as it affects serotonergic and opioidergic systems and decreases the gastric acid secretion. Moreover, this compound inhibits cholesterol absorption and synthesis, resulting in hyperlipidemic effects and weight loss. In addition to its antioxidant, antitumor, and antibacterial properties, this herb contains an antidiabetic effect mediated by increasing the number of pancreatic beta cells and insulin secretion, and inhibiting alphaamylase. Although its effective dosage has no side effects, the overuse of its effective compounds, such as pulegone, may raise some liver and pulmonary disorders. Conclusion: Z. tenuior and its extract can have preventive and therapeutic effects on diabetes and hyperlipidemia-associated diseases. Since most studies on this herb were in vivo, it is necessary to design clinical trials to evaluate its effects.

Objectives: Parafunctional habits, as one of the etiological factors of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), are an individual’ s response to increased stress. During stress and depression, biomarkers such as cortisol and salivary alphaamylase (SAA) are secreted in the saliva. The present study aimed to investigate whether there is a correlation between salivary stress biomarkers and parafunctional habits. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two cases, from May to September 2015, were selected based on two standard stress questionnaires, namely the depression anxiety stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Saliva samples were collected to examine the level of unstimulated salivary cortisol and SAA. The significance of the results was assessed via student’ s t-test and Mann-Whitney test (α =0. 05). Results: The mean concentrations of cortisol and SAA in unstimulated saliva were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P=0. 01 and 0. 44, respectively). The mean scores of anxiety, stress, and depression were significantly higher in the case group than in the control group (P<0. 05). Conclusion: It seems that the levels of salivary cortisol and SAA, as well as stress, anxiety, and depression scores, are higher in patients with parafunctional habits.

Background: Physiological stress due to physical activity associated with mental stress can affect the responses of the sympathoadrenal axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise with mental stress on cortisol and ALPHA-AMYLASE changes in young men. Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 20 inactive healthy men were randomly selected and divided into two groups of exercise and exercise with mental stress. The exercise group pedaled on a fixed bike at an intensity of 60% of maximal aerobic power for 37 minutes and the exercise group with mental stress received 20 minutes of mental stress (from 12th minutes to 32nd minutes) during the 37 minutes of pedaling. Salivary samples were collected before and immediately after the end of the exercise. Results: The exercise had a significant effect on increasing salivary cortisol (P = 0. 007) and ALPHA-AMYLASE (P = 0. 01). Exercise with mental stress had a significant effect on salivary cortisol (P = 0. 004) and ALPHA-AMYLASE (P = 0. 04). The exercise and exercise with mental stress had the same effects on increasing salivary cortisol (P = 0. 42) and ALPHA-AMYLASE (P = 0. 83). Conclusions: It seems that exercise and exercise with mental stress have the same effects on increasing salivary cortisol and alphaamylase levels.

Aims: The purpose of the present study was to hydrolyze Sardinella sindensis protein isolate by pancreatin enzyme and then fractionation hydrolysate based on molecular weight and finally evaluating and comparing the anti‐ oxidative and anti‐ diabetic properties of the fractions with hydrolysate. Materials & Methods: Protein isolate from Sardinella sindensis muscle was extracted and then hydrolyzed using pancreatin enzyme in two enzyme/substrate ratio of 2. 5 and 5% (W/W) for 2h. The hydrolysates were fractionated into three fractions included FPH‐ I (<2kDa), FPH‐ II (2‐ 10kDa) and FPH‐ III (>10kDa) using an ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. The antioxidant and anti‐ diabetic activiteis of the fractions and hydrolysate were investigated. Findings: The degree of hydrolysis increased with increasing hydrolysis time and it was significant between 30 and 60 minutes (p<0. 05). FPH‐ III showed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity. In terms of chelating activity on Fe2+, there was no significant difference between the fractions and hydrolysate (p>0. 05). Also, FPH‐ III showed a better ABTS radical‐ scavenging activity. FPH‐ III had the highest inhibitory potential against α ‐ amylase at 2. 5%. In addition, the inhibitory effect of samples at 20mg/ml against α ‐ glucosidase was less than 50%. Conclusion: FPH‐ III from Sardinella sindensis protein isolate by pancreatin enzyme had the highest DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS+ activity and alphaamylase inhibitory.

Background & Objective: Diabetes is one of the most common metabolic disorders. Alphaamylase plays an important role in the development of diabetes by breaking down polysaccharide. Therefore, the search for natural inhibitor for α-amylase is of particular importance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of flavanone compounds on α-amylase enzyme by bioinformatics method. Material & Methods: This study was performed in the computer environment (Bioinformatics). For this purpose, the structure of flavanone compounds and α-amylase was downloaded from PubChem & Protein Data Ban database, respectively. Then, the druglike parameter and physicochemical properties of flavanone compounds were investigated by Zink database and the Swiss ADME server, respectively. Then, in order to interact the compounds with α-amylase, one molecular docking software AutoDock Tools 6. 0 was used. Finally, the results were analyzed using Discovery Studio 3. 5. Results: The results showed that among the selected flavanone, naringenin compound was more desirable in terms of drug-like and physicochemical properties. Also, the result of molecular docking showed that the naringenin compound with a binding energy of-4. 9 kcal/mol had the highest inhibitory effect on the α-amylase. Conclusion: From this study, it can be calculated that naringenin compound shows more inhibitory ability due to its proper placement in the active site of α-amylase enzyme and interaction of key amino acids. By further investigation of this natural compound in In vivo & In vitro, it can be used as a natural inhibitor for the inhibition of α-amylase and the prevention of diabetes.

Digestive enzyme inhibitors are proteinacious or nonproteinacious compounds which reduce an enzyme activity through attaching to its active site and/or its substrate. Nowadays, plant enzyme inhibitors are of great importance because 1) these have considerable effects on insect digestive enzymes and as a result on their development; and 2) the transgenic plants expressing them are safe. In this study, the effects of NaCl, ethylenediamine tetraacetate disodium dehydrate (EDTA), Tris, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and an alphaamylase inhibitor derived from wheat kernels (WAAI) on ALPHA-AMYLASE activity of adults of the stripped bug Graphosoma lineatum (L.) during 60 minutes incubation was studied. Distilled water was considered as the control. The results showed that the effects of the inhibitor type on adult ALPHA-AMYLASE activity was significant (P<0.01). In general, enzyme activities in NaCl, EDTA and Tris were the highest (nearly 54% of the control) and there was not significant differences between them. Enzyme activities in SDS (nearly 31% of the control) and in WAAI (nearly 12.5% of the control) showed significant differences to each other and also to 3 previously mentioned compounds. At low concentrations of NaCl, EDTA, Tris and SDS (1 and 2 mM) and at the beginning of incubation period, female ALPHA-AMYLASE activity was greater than that of the males which shows that the female enzyme has had more resistance against the inhibitors.

Purpose: Amylase being one of the most important industrial enzymes requires large-scale production. When producing an enzyme, high productivity, high purity and low production costs need to be considered. This study focuses on comparing various agro-industrial waste substrates, for production of ALPHA-AMYLASE using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Moreover, it studies the stability and activity of amylase– gold nanoparticles composite. Methods: This study is divided into two parts, in the first part various agro-industrial waste substrates, such as wheat bran, rice bran and potato peel were used to produce ALPHA-AMYLASE using solid-state fermentation (SSF). The production of the enzyme was quantified and compared in specific enzyme activity units. In the second part, change in the stability and activity of amylase in enzyme– gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) composite has been discussed. Results: Highest enzyme production was observed in wheat bran and potato peel substrate with specific enzyme activity of almost 1. 2 U/ug and 1. 1 U/ug. Among combination substrates, wheat bran with potato peel showed a high enzyme production of 1. 3 U/ug. On the other hand, the optimum temperature for amylase activity shifted to 55 ° C in the composite compared to 37 ° C for free enzyme. Conclusions: Comparison of specific enzyme activity of extracts from various substrates showed that wheat bran alone, and in combination with potato peel, produces active and pure amylases. To stress on various catalytic activities of alphaamylase, the capability of the enzyme to synthesize gold nanoparticles and the effect of conjugation of the nanoparticle on its optimum catalytic activity are also discussed in this paper.

Plants have a set of protein molecules that are able to interfere with the digestion of herbivore insects and can be used as an approach to pest control. In this study, digestive ALPHA-AMYLASE inhibition of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), by proteinaceous seed extract of rapeseed, Brassica napus L. cv. Karaj3 was investigated. The most inhibitory effect of proteinaceous extracts on the ALPHA-AMYLASE activity was at pH 5. Four precipitated rapeseed proteinaceous fractions; 0-30, 30-50, 50-70, and 70-100% saturation by ammonium sulfate, caused 0, 52, 12 and 0% inhibition on the gut ALPHA-AMYLASE activity of the fourth instar larvae, respectively. Fraction 30-50% resulted in 84, 86, 74, 52 and 37% reduction in the L1, L2, L3, L4 and adult’ s gut ALPHA-AMYLASE activity, respectively. The enzyme inhibition kinetic test was conducted by the fraction 30-50% on the ALPHA-AMYLASE of adults and the type of inhibition was determined uncompetitive. In the zymogram and studying inhibition on the gel, the inhibitory effect was seen as a reduction in intensity of the bands. In bioassays, different cultivars of potato; Agria, Burren, Picasso and Marx were used. Potato leaves were treated with extract and fed by larvae. No significant difference was observed in the duration of molting from third to fourth-instar larvae on any cultivars. But, weight of fourth-instar larvae was declined on Picasso and Marx and the percentage of fourth instar larval evaluation was decreased on Agria, Picasso and Marx. The alphaamylase activity of fourth instar larvae declined on Agria, significantly compared to the control.