Consumption of dairy products in terms of the health and economic terms is very important. The analysis of consumer behavior can help to take policies consistent and correct in this regard. In this study the DEMAND for milk, yogurt and cheese was estimated by using time series data related to 1984-2009 in the framework of the idea of an ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM. The results showed that all of own-price elasticity is negative. The elasticity of milk and cheese are low but the yoghurt elasticity is high. All the income elasticities are positive, and the calculation of Allen elasticity showed that there are a substitution relationship between “milk and yogurt” and “yogurt and cheese” and complementary relationship between “milk and cheese”.

This paper represents a dynamic specification of the ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM (AIDS) based on recent developments on cointegration techniques. Based on Iran meat consumption data over the period 1971-2001, it was found that the proposed formulation performs well on both theoretical and statistical grounds, as the theoretical properties of homogeneity and symmetry are supported by the data. Regardless of the time horizon, beef and chicken and fish may be substitutes to each other and types of meat may be considered as necessities.

This paper focuses on the residential sector DEMAND for electricity, natural gas and petroleum products (Kerosene, gas oil and LPG) in Iran using a popular locally flexible functional form-"the ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM (AIDS)" We provide a policy perspective, using time series data set from 1971to 2005 (a total of 35 observations) and parameter estimates and a full set of elasticities (price, income and Allen & Morishima elasticities).Our results indicate that the ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM (AIDS) parameter estimates are meaningful and have theoretically acceptable directions. The income elasticities are all positive. The own-price elasticities are all negative, and indicate that the DEMANDs for electricity and natural gas are elastic and the DEMAND for petroleum products is less elastic. The estimates of both the Allen and Morishima elasticities indicate that different sources of energy are Morishima substitutes.

It is important to identify DEMAND for money in a country as well as combination of the money saved by people and how to substitute them in order to formulate strategic monetary policies. It is very important to decision-makers to know how significant their decisions will be. Therefore, before making a decision, they must measure the impact of those decisions according to people’s behavior and offer the best proposal.This paper uses two flexible function forms to analyze DEMAND for money: ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM (AIDS), and Leontief Model. It is necessary to select a suitable model to represent people’s behavioral model. Past models estimated DEMAND for money in Iran without attention to functional forms of DEMAND and did not consider weak substitution among monetary components of the SYSTEM.In this study, we use AIDS and Leontief Model to test “weak monetary substitution component” theory. Findings uphold the hypothesis of the research. As for people’s sensitivity toward increased revenues, findings show traction of three components has been on the fall in recent years.Estimation of DEMAND for money in Iran according to functional forms is done using monthly data series pertaining to 1995-2007. Finally, policy recommendations are provided on the basis of estimated parameters and various forms of traction (income, price, and Murishima Elasticities of Substitution).

In this paper, DEMAND is estimated for 8 main food groups' for1974 -2006 periods by using reversed ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM. Results indicated that meat groups had the highest own price elasticity equal to -1.04, and dairy groups had the lowest own price elasticity equal to 0.77In addition, the results of the quantity changes of products in relation to their prices under various scenarios showed that if the quantity of food groups decreases (increases) in the market; their prices would increase (decrease) accordingly. However, the amount of price changes for various groups would not be identical and is related to scale and price elasticity of each group. In order to stabilize food market it is suggested that the annual amount of supply of each food group regulated based on elasticity estimation, production, and import, export control.

In this study, to examine the consumers’ behavior and to calculate the price and expenditure elasticity, the Quadratic ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM was used and the circumstances of income distribution among different income groups were shown using the deducted indices from this SYSTEM. To reach the goals of this study, the Iran’s statistics center data of household expanses in 1386 was used and the seemingly unrelated regression estimator (sure) was estimated using the Eviews 5 software. The selected goods liable to subsidy are vegetable oil, sugar, bread and rice. The results obtained from the expenditure elasticity shows the rural consumers’ higher tendency towards increasing the consumption of the goods than the urban consumers. Considering the low price elasticity of the under study goods it seams that using just the price policies to correct the consumption model is not enough. By studying the results obtained from the applied DEMAND SYSTEM, it was observed that in urban areas the highest inequality is in the high-income group and in rural areas in the low- income group.

Objective: The DEMAND structure for five commodity groups including foods and drinks, clothing, housing, health and recreation, and educational services was analyzed based on the time series data of the household consumption expenditures during period 1966-2007.Method: A linear approximation of ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM (LA/AIDS) was estimated by SURE method in order to obtain DEMAND function and elasticity.Finding: Income elasticity for all the groups were positive and more than one excepted for educational services. Furthermore, all of the own-price elasticities were negative and theoretically consistent.Conclusion: Cross price elasticities estimates indicated that health and educational services are substitutes for foods but housing and clothing are complement for it.

In this Paper With time series data of 1988-2002, AIDS–ECM was estimated for different meat in Iran. Results showed that elasticities in long run are less than short run. Income elasticity showed that in long and short run, chicken meat and in short run fish meat are necessary commodities. So, effects of imposing policy was seen in short run immediatly. According to these results, we must consider two item in implementing of pricing policy for preventing of shock in meat market and house hold’s feed pascket: pricing and targeting of subsidy.

In most of empirical studies based on ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM (Aids), the elasticity of the price and income estimated by these equations resulted to some sensitive policy making recommendations in microeconomics and macroeconomics. It is in such a case that there is some doubt about reliability of linear estimation of such models. In this study, the performance of linear and non-linear ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM is under the investigation. For this purpose, seemingly unrelated regression (SURE) method will be applied to estimate linear model and multilayered feed forward neural network (MFNN) is used to estimate a non-linear one. The results indicate that multilayered feed forward neural network is associated with less error than the linear model, and consequently, leads to a better estimation of ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM. This result creates some hesitate on application of Stone price index for linear zing estimation of ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEM. Therefore, it is suggested that feed forward neural network will be applied to estimate ALMOST IDEAL DEMAND SYSTEMs.