The symmetric curvature and associated curvatures of a VECTOR bundle E with connection Ñ on a manifold M with connection Ñ were introduced. It is well-known that a total space of semi-Riemannian VECTOR bundle over a semi-Riemannian manifold can be made into a semi-Riemannian manifold. In this case, the relation between curvatures of the Levi-Civita connections of E and M was studied. Here, the relation between symmetric curvatures of the Levi-Civita connections and their associated curvatures of E and M is studied.

The ”massless” VECTOR FIELD equation in de Sitter (dS) 4-dimensional space is gauge invariant under some special gauge transformations. It is also gauge invariant in ambient space notations in which the FIELD equation is written in terms of the Casimir operators of dS group. In this paper the "massless" VECTOR FIELD equation has been solved in the physical case. It has been shown that the solution can be written as the multiplication of a generalized polarization VECTOR and a ”massless” conformally coupled scalar FIELD in the ambient space notations. The physical VECTOR twopoint function has been calculated using ambient space formalism and its zero curvature limit has been considered. It is shown that the physical VECTOR two-point can be written in terms of the conformally coupled massless scalar two-point function in the ambient space notations. The two-point function is expressed in terms of dS intrinsic coordinates from its ambient space counterpart, which is dS-invariant and is free from any divergences.

The knowledge related to the methodology of the FIELD trial study as a type of intervention studies, yet for many of our researchers is not fully understood. The aim of the current study was a better understanding of conducting this type of research. FIELD trial studies are done on healthy individuals and aim to prevent. These types of studies such as clinical trials are performed on both individual and collective levels. One type of these studies is Community Intervention Trial which is usually done on a large scale population. FIELD trial study should be carried out in stages, such as the formulation of hypotheses, selection of the population (reference population, study population, and sampling), measuring the baseline variables (before conducting preventive intervention), random allocation of subjects to intervention and control groups, doing interventions and measuring outcome. The methodology of FIELD trial studies is very similar to clinical trials. The difference is that FIELD trials are conducted on healthy individuals and aim to prevent and also the sample size required to this type of study is relatively more, and these studies are usually time consuming and costly.

Recently, we have used the symmetric bracket of VECTOR FIELDs, and developed the notion of the symmetric derivation. Using this machinery, we have defined the concept of symmetric curvature. This concept is natural and is related to the notions divergence and Laplacian of VECTOR FIELDs. This concept is also related to the derivations on the algebra of symmetric forms which has been discussed by the authors. We introduce a new class of geometric VECTOR FIELDs and prove some basic facts about them. We call these VECTOR FIELDs AFFINEWISE. By contraction of the symmetric curvature, we define two new curvatures which have direct relations to the notions of divergence, Laplacian, and the Ricci tensor.

Atomic magnetometers have found widespread applications in precise measurement of the Earth’, s magnetic FIELD due to their high sensitivity. In these measurements, various methods have been utilized to compensate the Earth’, s magnetic FIELD in an unshielded environment. In this paper, we have proposed a method based on finding the minimum resonance frequency (corresponding to minimum magnetic FIELD) by producing the opposite magnetic FIELD through three pairs of Helmholtz coils. The exact value of the Earth’, s magnetic FIELD VECTOR is obtained as 35. 132 μ, T with an accuracy of 2 nT by using this method.

Accurate liver segmentation on Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI) is a challenging task especially at sites where surrounding tissues such as spleen and kidney have densities similar to that of the liver and lesions reside at the liver edges. The first and essential step for computer aided diagnosis (CAD) is the automatic liver segmentation that is still an open problem. Extensive research has been performed for liver segmentation; however it is still challenging to distinguish which algorithm produces more precise segmentation results to various medical images. In this paper, we have presented a new automatic system for liver segmentation in abdominal MRI images. Our method extracts liver regions based on several successive steps. The preprocessing stage is applied for image enhancement such as edge preserved and noise reduction. The proposed algorithm for liver segmentation is a combined algorithm which utilizes a contour algorithm with a VECTOR FIELD Convolution (VFC) FIELD as its external force and perceptron neural network.By convolving the edge map generated from the image with the user-defined VECTOR FIELD kernel, VFC is calculated.We use trained neural networks to extract some features from liver region. The extracted features are used to find initial point for starting VFC algorithm. This system was applied to a series of test images to extract liver region.Experimental results showed the promise of the proposed algorithm.

Aims and Background: Nowadays, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) became powerful therapeutic and diagnostic tools. Due to showing minimum immunogenic reaction and their properties, human mAbs are important. The purpose of this study was to construct an immune antibody library from a vaccinated donor against tetanus toxin.Materials and Methods: A whole blood sample was taken from the donor who was vaccinated against tetanus toxoid. PBMC were isolated by using ficol. After RNA extraction, all variation of VH and VL regions by RT-PCR reactions were amplified and linked as a ScFv antibody. The amplicons were inserted in T-VECTOR and transformed to E. coli DH5α strain, followed by an ELISA test. Plasmids were also extracted and sequenced.Results: cDNA quality was confirmed by using HPRT primers. To confirm PCR, insertion and transformation, gel electrophoresis and restriction enzymes digestion were applied. Positive clones were selected based on growth on LB agar which is the blue/white selection method. After plasmid extraction and DNA sequencing, the sequences were aligned using igBLAST at NCBI. The result was shown to have admissible similarity among antibody gene library nucleotide sequences and the antibody genes were deposited in this database. ELISA confirmed this data too.Conclusion: In this study, the immune human antibody library was constructed and confirmed using DNA sequencing and sequences alignment in NCBI database. ELISA test confirms antibody specifically. The next step is to screen the library to find an antibody specifically for tetanus toxin.

Cardiac diseases are the major causes of death throughout the world. The study of left ventricular (LV) function is very important in the diagnosis of heart diseases. Automatic tracking of the boundaries of the LV wall during a cardiac cycle is used for quantification of LV myocardial function in order to diagnose various heart diseases including ischemic disease. In this paper, a new automatic method for segmentation of the LV in echocardiography images of one cardiac cycle by combination of manifold learning and active contour based dynamic directed VECTOR FIELD convolution (DDVFC) is proposed. In this method, first echocardiography images of one cardiac cycle have been embedded in a two dimensional (2-D) space using one of the most popular manifold learning algorithms named Locally Linear Embeddings. In this new space, relationship between these images is well represented. Then, segmentation of the LV wall during a cardiac cycle is done using active contour based DDVFC. In this method, final contour of each segmented frame is used as the initial contour of the next frame. In addition, in order to increase the accuracy of the LV segmentation and also prevent the boundary distortion, maximum range of the active contour motion is limited by Euclidean distances between consequent frames in resultant 2-D manifold. To quantitatively evaluate the proposed method, echoacardiography images of 5 healthy volunteers and 4 patients are used. The results obtained by our method are quantitatively compared to those obtained manually by the highly experienced echocardiographer (gold standard) which depicts the high accuracy of the presented method.

In this article, the magneto-thermo-elastic problem of exponentially graded material (EGM) hollow rotating disk placed in uniform magnetic and temperature FIELDs is considered. Exact solutions for stresses and perturbations of the magnetic FIELD VECTOR in EGM hollow rotating disk are determined using the infinitesimal theory of magneto-thermo-elasticity under plane stress. The material properties, except Poisson’s ratio, are assumed to depend on variable of the radius and they are expressed as exponential functions of radius. The direct method is used to solve the heat conduction and Hyper-geometric functions are employed to solve Navier equation. The temperature, displacement, and stress FIELDs and the perturbation of the magnetic FIELD VECTOR are determined and compared with those of the homogeneous case. Hence, the effect of in-homogeneity on the stresses and the perturbation of magnetic FIELD VECTOR distribution are demonstrated. The results of this study are applicable for designing optimum EGM hollow rotating disk.