The conventional theory of adverse SELECTION is not supported by most of the empirical works. These studies conclude that low-risk individuals demand more insurance services than high-risks. They refer to this situation as ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION theory. This theory states that loss ratio of insureds may be lower than the population loss ratio while the conventional theory of adverse SELECTION claims the reverse. under the assumptions of theory of ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION, insurers end up with relatively low-risk individuals and the SELECTION effect will be propitious to insurers as more risk-averse low-risk individuals are not only willing to pay more for precautionary efforts but also are more inclined to insure.This paper examines the presence of ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION in the Iranian Car collision insurance market and concludes that there exists considerable ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION behavior in this market.

The conventional theory of adverse SELECTION in markets with asymmetric information expects that the anti-choice phenomenon occurs. Hence, bad products beat good products out of the market. Consequently, a reduction in market efficiency may lead to market failure. Insurance market is among the markets in which this phenomenon can happen. However, in the 90s a number of researchers reported occurrence of ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION in the insurance market. These researchers have shown that if by focusing on risk aversion of individuals and their willingness to do precautionary effort, a negative correlation exists between risk aversion and risk taking, and also between coverage and claim and a positive correlation is observed between precautionary effort and coverage, then we can conclude that there is an ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION in that field of insurance; so claims of omission of good customer from the market with asymmetric information will be rejected. This paper examines the ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION in the Iranian automobile collision insurance market and concludes that there exists considerable ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION behavior in this market and precautionary efforts affects market performance and prevent market failure.

Conventional theories of demand under asymmetric information do not emphasize the effects of risk aversion on insurance demand and do not consider negative correlation between risk aversion and risk level. In this paper we focus on the effects of risk aversion on life insurance demand.We use logistic regressions and apply dummy variables to show whether independent variables such as education, occupation, sex, age, income, wealth of household and other factors as criteria for risk aversion, have significant effects on the demand for insurance. Our results show that age, gender, and employment don' t have any significant effect on the demand for life insurance. But education, marital status, care, health, premium levels, future uncertainty, income level and life expectancy have significant effects on the demand for life insurance in Iran.Since individuals with high level of risk aversion purchase more life insurance than high risk individuals (lower risk averse individuals), we conclude that adverse SELECTION doesn’t exist in Iranian life insurance market. In other words, the Iranian life insurance market faces an ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION situation rather than adverse SELECTION.

Background and objectives: One of the key strategies in sustainable agriculture is diversity restoration to agricultural environments and effective management it. Intercropping, which is defined as growing two or more species simultaneously in the same field during a growing season, is considered one important strategy in developing sustainable production systems, particularly systems that aim to limit external inputs such as chemical fertilizer and herbicide etc. Compared to sole crops, intercropping system have higher utilization of resource i. e., nutrient use efficiency, water use efficiency, and land use efficiency. This research was done to evaluation ADVANTAGEOUS of sunflower-legume intercropping systems, Materials and methods: The experiment was conducted as randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, during 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Experimental treatments were different planting patterns including sunflower, bean and soybean sole cropping, and additive intercropping of 30, 60 and 90% bean, as well as 30, 60 and 90% soybean with sunflower. Intercropping systems were evaluated by using indices of land equivalent ratio (LER), system productivity index (SPI), total relative value (RTV), area-time equivalent ratio (ATER), aggressivity index (AI), competition index (CI) and relative crowding coefficient (RCC). Results: Results showed that crops grain yield and sunflower equivalent yield affected by planting patterns. The highest sunflower, bean and soybean grain yields were achieved at sole cropping and intercropping decreased grain yield of these crops. However, sunflower equivalent yield at intercropping patterns of 60 and 90% bean and soybean were more than sole cropping. At this treatments, indices of land equivalent ratio, total relative value, area-time equivalent ratio and relative crowding coefficient were more than 1 and competition index was less than 1 that showed intercropping is ADVANTAGEOUS. In this study pay attention to aggressivity index, sunflower was aggressive in comparison to bean and soybean. Conclusion: The results of this present showed that, intercropping systems increased sunflower equal grain yield in comparison with sunflower sole cropping. In general, in the most of the treatments, sunflower-legume (bean and soybean) intercropping was better than their sole cropping and associated with improving economic yield and land use efficiency. The results of this present showed that, intercropping systems increased sunflower equal grain yield in comparison with sunflower sole cropping. In general, in the most of the treatments, sunflower-legume (bean and soybean) intercropping was better than their sole cropping and associated with improving economic yield and land use efficiency.

The presence of the phenomena of adverse SELECTION in Iranian life insurance market which is one of the side effects of asymmetric information causing inefficiencies and market failure is studied and examined in this research. To test the research's hypothesis, i.e. presence of adverse SELECTION, required data was collected from individuals with different risk aversion levels through cluster sampling.The presence of this phenomenon was confirmed in Iranian life insurance market using the ordinary least square regressions. The results show factors like gender, doing hard and risky activities, risk level, that monthly salary of a family and illness and individuals’ prediction of their healthy life span confirms the presence of adverse SELECTION. On the other hand, the phenomenon called ADVANTAGEOUS SELECTION is confirmed by variables such as education, worry for future and law-breaking behavior.