Background: Studies have shown that educating mothers can improve their ADAPTATION to pregnancy and motherhood roles. There are also studies that have investigated the effects of certain interventions on maternal-fetal attachment. However, studies on the effects of maternal ADAPTATION training on maternal-fetal attachment in mothers with a history of fetal or baby loss are rare.Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of a pregnancy ADAPTATION training package on maternal-fetal attachment in pregnant women with a history of baby loss.Patients and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 60 pregnant women with previous fetal or neonatal death in 2014. The women were randomly divided in to an experimental group (n=30) and a control group (n=30). The pregnant women in the experimental group received routine prenatal education in addition to four sessions of a pregnancy adaption training package.The control group received only routine prenatal education. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Cranley’s maternal-fetal attachment scale, and a prenatal self-evaluation questionnaire at the beginning and at the end of the study. The data analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon, chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and spearman correlation coefficient tests.Results: Before the intervention, there were no statistically significant differences between the study and control groups in terms of maternal-fetal attachment (P=0.280) and ADAPTATION to pregnancy (P=0.883). However, following the intervention, the mean score of the maternal-fetal attachment was significantly higher in the experimental group, when compared with the control (77.57±7.23 vs.61.53±2.62; P=0.001). In addition, the mean post-intervention ADAPTATION to pregnancy score was significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (118.89±8.12 vs.126.38±4.17; P=0.001).Conclusions: The pregnancy ADAPTATION training package increased the ADAPTATION and maternal-fetal attachment scores in pregnant women with a history of baby loss.

Two distinct redistribution grids – ADAPTATION techniques, spring analogy and elliptic grid generator are applied to two-dimensional steady, inviscid, shocked flows, and the ability of each technique is examined and compared. Euler equations are solved base on Roe’s Reimann solver approach to simulate supersonic flow around a sphere, transonic flow about an airfoil and supersonic flow in a symmetric diffuser. In redistribution method using spring analogy, the movement of grid points was controlled by forces analogous to tensional and torsional spring forces set between grid points. In elliptic grid generation, the body fitted coordinate were used based on arc length of the grid lines. It is shown that the use of arc length in grid lines instead of the length of straight lines between grids which were used by other, produces better results in one-direction, but introduces some skewness problem in the generated grids for in both directions. The results show that when expansion or shock waves are only along one direction of the curvilinear coordinate, the use of elliptic equations to produce adapted grid base on the arc length of the grid lines is suitable and produces good results. Specially, it is most suitable when the elliptic equations and flow equations are solved simultaneously. The ability of the adapted grid technique depends upon the flow configurations. For example for flow over a sphere, both techniques provide good results, but for flow over an airfoil, the spring adaptive technique introduces better results. Also, the elliptic grid generator is more suitable for complex flows.

This study presents an overview of the different strategies that Persian learners of English employ to deal with initial clusters. While vowel epenthesis appears to be the most widespread repair strategy to conform such clusters to Persian phonotactics, the location of the epenthetic vowel varies. In this paper, we investigate two approaches that seek to explain the epenthetic site. The first of these, based on the Sonority Sequencing Principle, does not offer a plausible account, in particular with respect to the repair of s+ sonorant clusters. The second approach, based on Fleischhacker (2001, 2005), argues that the epenthetic site is based on maximal perceptual similarity between input and output. An experiment with Persian listeners is reported which confirms the crucial role of perceptual similarity. Finally, we cast this approach into an Optimality Theory framework, which will be seen to make the right predictions for words with triconsonantal clusters.