1-IntroductionThe world today is facing with the crisis of resource destruction. Optimal utilization of natural resources and regulation of land use based on their ecological potential has important role in environmental management and prevent their destruction in order to sustainable development. Assessment of ecological potential as the core of environmental studies provides a good platform for environmental planning. In this field, geographic information system with high capacity in the management of new outcomes is proposed as an effective tool in environmental planning. increasing growth of urbanization has caused in recent decades that attention to tourism is considered as the largest and most diverse industry. In fact, the ecotourism is a responsible tourism to the natural environment while protects environment it also ensures the health of local communities, today this industry is the one of the most hope activities which is referred under titled development passport. Survey of natural geography and ecological capability evaluation each of ecotourism attractions in our country, it shows that ecotourism in Iran is a unique and susceptible economic resource, and also it has been left to its own devices.2- Methodology This research was done in framework of the ecological model and multicriteria decision making methods such as ANP, FAHP BUKLY by using Arc GIS 10, Super Decision 2.0.8, Surfer11 soft wares and with the aim of choosing the suitable locations for agriculture land use in Behbahan north plain. The present study is based on the ecological parameters (physical and biological) to assess the ecological capability of agriculture landuse including physiographic (percent slope), precipitation (Cp), temperature (Ct), distance from water sources (Wc), soil depth (Pd), soil erosion (Es), soil structure (Ps), soil texture (Pte), soil drainage (Pdr) and vegetation types. this Fuzzy AHP method, for criteria pairwise comparison and determining weights and preferences are used trapezoidal fuzzy numbers and geometric averaging method respectively. Fuzzy AHP method proposed by Buckley is the generalized form of the classical AHP method. ANP is based on the creation of a control network which describes dependency among decision elements. In Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Analysis method, For paired comparisons of criteria and for gaining weight and preference use Triangular fuzzy numbers and Geometric averaging method Respectively. In order to integrate layers Simple Additive Weighting or Weighted linear combination method (SAW) Was used. The study area is located in Behbahan north plain. This area is limited in 30°, 36' to 30°, 37' north of latitude and 50°, 19' to 50°, 29' east longitude.3– Results and discussion Analyzing the criteria objectively involved using specific GIS techniques to break the analysis down into quantifiable measurements. From the available 10 m interval contour map of the study area in ArcGIS, a contour Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was generated from which a grid DEM was derived and the slope data was obtained. The reclassify tool was then used to reclassify all the variable data sets by Iranian ecological model. in order to dimensionless of raster layers and integrate layers was used fuzzy method weighted linear combination method respectively. After standardization of the layers, the weighting stages of each parameter by ANP in Super Decision 2.0.8 software. By FAHP decision making model and pairwise comparisons that were performed by experts, the weights of criteria and the effective subcriteria are calculated in capability evaluation of ecotourism landuse. In the end, after obtaining the final weight of each layer using ANP and FAHP, the layers were integrated by WLC model in Arc GIS 10 software. Then, it obtained the final map of land suitability evaluation to the study area for the ecotourism landuse. the ANP method to measure the slope of the highest impact and lowest impact on the study area And FAHP method among the main criteria, physiographic criteria most influence and impact are minimal compaction plant and in the soil standards, substandard construction and drainage are the most and least effective. Based on the final zoning map, from the total area of the region, the suitable and unsuitable capable is about 23 percent and about 46 percent for tourism by ANP and about 19 percent and 46 percent by FAHP respectively. According to the final maps obtained from the mentioned methods and their analysis, we can say that the results of the ANP method is more ADAPTATION with reality. Using the software, Google Earth, and field studies can be said that the results of the ANP method is more consistent with reality.4– Conclusion The ecological model of ecotourism, three floors can be considered the beginning of the class, a third category to the quality and flexibility of land is unsuitable for this application. the study area has a diverse set of environmental resources, including adequate water, fertile soil, favorable climate, vegetation, natural and human phenomena that attract tourists and in the planning and proper use of them, can be solve many economic and social problems of the region and the development of comprehensive and sustainable path simultaneously. the results show that there is the possibility of tourism activity development in the area and the region conditions for ecotourism is well that this result is more clearly in ANP method. Finally, the conclusion showed that multi criteria analysis is caused to increase evaluation Precision for site selection and integrated models represented a effective solution to help group decision making of evaluators. the study area is the ecological potential for tourism because of their use of the dissolution of Traditional and Asmary which has a series of karstic features such as caves, canyon, hole is wet and Now, Dovlin, high capability in addition to the charm can also be educational and recreational aspects.

Physically-Movement disabilities part of the community who are, like other citizens, need the desirability of designing of residential spaces are. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to Evaluation the Desirability of Designing of Residential Spaces for Physically-Movement Disabilities with the Approach of Disabilities Friendly City in Surface Yazd city is. This research in terms of applied purpose, in terms of nature and method, descriptive of survey type is. Field studies with questionnaire by 157 people Physically-Movement disabilities (Based on Morgan table) Randomly in the Surface Yazd city have been completed. To evaluate and rank the indicators Technique of UTA and for analyze the data to statistical tests in SPSS software were used. Based on the results Technique of UTA and weighting of the relevant indicators performed by Fuller Hierarchical Hierarchy Process, it was found that the safety criterion with weight of 0/437 is in the first rank and the accessibility criterion with weight of 0/183 is in the last rank. Pearson correlation analysis revealed that between income level of people with disabilities, their length of stay in residential Spaces and the level of their living space with their level of satisfaction there is no significant relationship, But between living standards with the level of satisfaction of the disabled there is a relationship. Regression analysis also shows that compliance with living standards is the first priority regarding the level of satisfaction of the disabled and the Surface of residential infrastructure, income and length of stay have the second, third and fourth priority, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the desirability of designing of residential spaces for physical-Movement disabilities can lead to the creation of a disability friendly city in Surface city Yazd. Introduction: Location is one of the most important parts of the human environment. A well-designed environment and living space is of great importance for the disabled and disabled. The Disabled Friendly City provides the community with many techniques and methods to provide a comfortable and safe life for the disabled. In Iran, the needs of people with disabilities are often not fully met in new buildings, and most of the buildings are designed for healthy and capable individuals who have no ADAPTATION and proportion to the disability of disabled people and cannot be used. Methodology: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of nature and method it is a descriptive survey. Data were collected through library, documentary and survey methods. The statistical population of the study is Yazd's Disability Society and according to Morgan table, 157 persons are considered as sample according to the number of referrals per month to the Disabled Communities in Yazd. In this study, simple random sampling method was used. Initially, the necessary referrals were made with the individuals, for better cooperation, the subject and purpose of the research were clearly stated. The questionnaire was used to measure the accessibility of people to their living spaces and the size and dimensions of the spaces as well as the presence or absence of some spaces and facilities. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0/78 to determine the reliability of the instrument, indicating acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire tool was confirmed by using the experts' opinions and summarizing the dimensions, components and variables influenced by Delphi and Pre-Test. Results and discussion: Taken together, the results of this study are consistent with those of Kayama et al. (2019), Saita et al. (2019), Gorji Azandriani and Shirzad Nazarloo (2018), Ziyari and Karamuziyan (2018), and Soleimani et al. (2018). Attention to physical and physical disabilities should be built to support a disabled community, protect and protect urban parks, pay attention to their citizenship rights, maximize compliance with national and international standards and criteria, and appropriate walks for the disabled. It has been concluded that adherence to the standards of urban planning and architecture in designing Khtmanha is required. Consistent with the research of Kim Boa and Lee Yunsuk (2015), Shahram and Zieynal (2015) and Majidi (2012), housing design should be aware of the needs of people with disabilities, housing design guidelines, and utility, because in this study Due to the needs of people with disabilities in Yazd, the city has designed and designed housing. Conclusion: Analysis of the presence or absence of correlation between the variables of income, length of stay in residential areas and the level of living infrastructure with the level of satisfaction of disabled people showed that there was no significant relationship between these variables. Finally, it was found that there is a significant relationship between the two variables of meeting the required standards in living space with the level of satisfaction of the disabled. Adherence to standards in the living space enhances the comfort of the handicapped and indicates a direct correlation. Regression test also shows the relation between compliance with living standards and level of satisfaction with the disability. Regression analysis (ANOVA) was used to correlate the desirability of designing residential spaces for physically-disabled people with disability-friendly cities. Therefore, it can be analyzed whether the utility design of residential spaces for persons with disabilities is in accordance with the law of engineering and building control such as adequate parking where the mouth of the car stop should be 3/50 meters wide, suitable for sanitary facilities which should be 1/50 × 1/70 meters or Its layout is such that it is possible to maneuver a wheelchair and. . . with regard to disability-friendly city indicators can lead to the creation of a disability-friendly city in Yazd. This means that as the desirability of designing residential spaces for the disabled in Yazd increases, a positive and meaningful relationship is created to create a disability-friendly city.

Introduction Skiing is one of the branches of sport tourism in winter sports sector. This kind of tourism today has become a special trend in the mountainous regions of developed countries and is known as the "white gold", which has a great contribution to the economy of the local communities of these countries. From a global point of view, ski tourism has become an industry, but the industry is now threatened by changes in climate change. The results of general atmospheric circulation models indicate a rise in temperature and a decrease in summer rainfall in Europe. As global warming continues, some of the tourist destinations of skiing will be faced with the risk of decreasing in amount of snow and consequently loss of visitor numbers. Therefore, in such a situation, planning should be aimed at selecting the most suitable places for the construction of ski resorts with the least problem in terms of snowfall and other required parameters and the choice is made in principle and accurately. One of the problems that ski tourism in Iran faces is the installation of ski facilities and ski resorts in unsuitable places. Sit is important to specify proper location for construction of sports places and facilities for optimal and efficient exploitation in the present and future. Ignoring this issue in many cases leads to a lack of proper use of those places as well as spending too many to build them. One of the useful solutions in selecting and determining suitable sites for the construction of winter sports facilities and ski resorts is application of GIS to select the best cases. Therefore, in this study, the ArcGIS software is used to locate proper areas for construction of ski resorts. Materials and methods This is an applied research using a researcher-made questionnaire as research tool. The reliability of the tool was confirmed by calculating the incompatibility rate. The sample population of the study is 20 experts from the physical education and cultural heritage organizations of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province who respond to the questionnaire and have performed paired comparisons. In this research, the identification of suitable areas for the construction of a ski resort was carried out by weighting the criteria using the network analysis process and Super decision software. The network analysis process considers each issue and problem as a network of criteria, sub-criteria, and options. All elements in a network can, in any case, be linked together. In other words, in a network, feedback and interconnection between clusters are possible. Mapping is done by the ArcGIS software. In this regard, the most important measures affecting the location of the ski resort were studied. The combination of these standards with the experimental knowledge of experts in the field of sports helps to identify the proper locations for skiing. Results and discussion Sports tourism in our country is not well-developed and there is no systematic program for sport tourism marketing. Despite the huge costs of the physical education organization, the National Olympic Committee, federations and other relevant institutions for conducting national and international sporting events, the great benefits of tourism development cannot be obtained and there is always a loss of opportunities in this area. Assessing the environmental capability and determining the potential power and allocating appropriate funds to that can provide a logical and sustainable ADAPTATION between the natural power of the environment, the needs of communities and human activities in space. In this way, while protecting biodiversity, we can be benefited from sustainable productivity of the land. Optimal locating attempts to help decision-makers and planners for regulating indicators and factors influencing decision making and finding logical solutions to choose appropriate places to carry out activities. In the site selection, it is necessary to see various parameters in relation to each other. In the present study, in order to identify suitable areas for the construction of a ski resort using the history of the research, interviews have been made with the experts. Three main criteria and eight sub-criteria have been obtained. It should be noted that due to the lack of snowflake network density in the country, the number of snow and frost days and the amount of precipitation have been used. After obtaining criteria and sub-criteria, the indices were weighed using ANP technique and by combining the results with the layers generated in ArcGIS software. The final map of the suitable areas for skiing in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province was produced. Conclusion After compiling the indices, the final score of each element was calculated using the ANP technique. In the next step, the layer has been combined considering the weights obtained in the layers. After obtaining the indices, the final score of each element was calculated using the ANP technique. In the next step, the required maps were drawn and, by combining the weights obtained in the layers, the suitable areas for the construction of the ski resort were located. According to the findings, about 4. 93 percent of the province has the necessary conditions for the construction of a ski resort with an area of 802. 77 square kilometers. The main part of the area is located in Koohrang city, the current most famous resort of Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province. Chelgaird is also located in this area. The specified level is considered appropriate in terms of technical conditions, which are considered as necessary indicators. If the research findings are combined with empirical knowledge of experts, the best places in the province for the construction of ski resorts will be located.

Introduction: Urbanization is a continuous process and the spatial patternsof urban growth havealways played an important role in the transformation of human life throughout history. Urban growth has two dimensions: demographic and spatial, meaning that with increased urban population, the need for shelter increases and cities are faced with spatial growth. Expansion of cities in the spatial dimensions have several consequences, including changes in land use and land covers of areas surrounding cities. Land use change is currentlyone of the major concerns ofthe environmental approach, since land use changes in areas surrounding cities have led to changes in the economic structure of cities and the destruction of vegetation and agricultural lands as one of the main foundations of production in these areas. They have also seriously damaged other water resources, wildlife habitats, and resulted in the reduction of soil organic matter, changes in soil humidity and saltiness, increased energy consumption, increased urban heat islands, climate changes, as well as negative effects on the mental and physical health of urban residents. Nowadays, rapid growth in remote sensing technology and geographic information system, as well as the advancements in computer science and its application in environmental sciences and urban planning have created spatial modeling techniques such as Markov chain, Cellular Automata, intelligent neural networks and statistical models. Due to its dynamic nature, the capability of showing spatial distribution of land use changes, as well as its unique characteristics in modeling of natural and physical geographic featureson the ground and simpler ADAPTATION with remote sensing data and GIS, a combination of Markov chain model and Cellular Automata are used as an important supporting toolfor decision making in urban planning and environmental sciences in many studies performedrecently. Over the past few decades, the population of Iranhas increased from 27 million in 1955 to 79 million in 2016. And according to the 2016census, 74 percent of the population lives in urban areas. In recent years, the population of Kurdistan province has experienced a 1. 42% (2011 to 2016)average annual growth rate (especially in Baneh, Marivan and Saghez), which isaround 0. 18% more than the average annual growth rate of the country (1. 24%). Investigating census data shows that Baneh, Marivan and Saqezhave experienced a higher urban growth rate as compared to other cities in the province, and thus monitoring this growth and predicting its negative effects on the surrounding land use seems crucial. Destruction of vegetation and agricultural lands not only results in climate change, but also directly affect the lives of residents in the region. Therefore, understanding the growth rate is necessary for properplanning and managementofthese areas. Materials and Methodology Images received from Landsat in 1987, 2002 and 2017 were downloaded from the US Geological Surveywebsite and used in the present study. Google Earth images, land useand topography maps, and ground control points (GCP) were also used to perform imagepreprocessing, classification operations, and accuracy assessment. The study area includesBaneh, Marivan and Saqqez cities, which have recently experienced a high level of population growth. Considering the impact of population growth on increased rate of construction and physical development of urban areas, it is therefore necessary to study urban growth. In order to reduce the city’ s impact on land use in future, it is necessary to modelurban growth. Using these models, planners can guide the urban development back to the optimal and appropriate routes and minimize the destruction of the land use. Image pre-processing in the present research was performed in ENVI5. 3 environment. Then, using Maximum Likelihood algorithm, the images were categorized into five classes of water, residential areas, vegetation, agriculture and open spaces. Then, the overall accuracy of the classification maps was assessed using ground control points. To predict the urban growth, CA-Markov model was used in the IDRISI TerrSet software. Results and discussion: Findings indicate that the classified images have an accuracy of above 80%, and thus, land use maps of the study areas are valid. Investigations shows that the growth inMarivan and Baneh has most severely affected vegetation and agricultural land use. In the time period of 1987 to 2017, 897. 39 and 801 hectares of vegetation in Marivan and Banehhave been transformed into urban areas, respectively. During the same time period, 790. 38 hectares of agricultural land in Marivan and 772. 29 hectaresinBanehhave changed into urban areas. It is also important to note that unlike Saqez, the degradation of vegetation and agricultural lands in Marivan and Banehwas more severe than bare lands. In other words, bare landsinSaqez were more severely affected (as compared to vegetation and agricultural land), and about 1249, 29 hectares of bare lands have turned into urban areas, while only 121. 50 hectares of vegetation, and 509. 04 hectaresof agriculture lands haveexperienced such a change. Also, results of the CA-Markov model showed that the growth of Baneh and Marivan cities in the 2017-2032 period will be in the Northeast and East directions, respectively. Results also indicate that this urban growth will affect agricultural and bare landsmore significantly. It is predicted that about 511. 29 hectares of agricultural lands and 722. 70 hectares of bare lands (in Baneh city) and 1080 hectares of agricultural lands and 2402. 101 hectares of bare lands (in Marivan city) will turn into urban areas in this time period. Conclusion: Based on the findings, it can be concluded that planning urban growth inthe study areas should be performed in a way that vegetation and especially the surrounding agricultural lands are preserved, and the negative effects of land use changesare minimized. Also, plannerscan apply the results of the present study in their future plansto guide the development of Baneh, Marivan and Saqeztoward optimal ways and reduce land use degradation.

Background & Aims: Marriage is the initiating stage of making a family and is one of the most important social and intimate human relationships. Among the important aspects of a marital system that spouses experience in marriage are sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment. Sexual satisfaction is one of the physiological needs that contributes to human health and the study of sexual satisfaction and physical and psychological stress and the elimination of satisfaction disorder is one of the main concerns of researchers in this field. Although commitment is an important resource in married life, spiritual intelligence can provide the ability to achieve the desired level of sexual satisfaction. This study aimed to predict the levels of sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment based on the variables of spiritual intelligence and marital commitment in couples who referred to counseling centers in Kermanshah. In examining the variables affecting the level of marriage satisfaction, this study attempted to answer the question of whether the variables of spiritual intelligence and marital commitment affect sexuality and marital adjustment in couples. Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytical research in terms of implementation and an applied research in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study is all couples in Kermanshah who have been married for at least 2 years. For the sample size, among the eight districts of Kermanshah, District 1 was selected and among the counseling centers of these areas, 4 counseling centers with a number of one hundred couples, i. e. two hundred people (one hundred women and one hundred men) were selected by available sampling method. Larson et al. 's (1998) Sexual Satisfaction Questionnaire, Spinner’, s (1976) Marital adjustment, King's Spiritual Intelligence (2008), and Adams and Jones’, s (1997) Marital Commitment Questionnaires were used to collect research data. In order to analyze the research data, descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, and inferential statistics, including Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis, were used. SPSS statistical analysis software version 21 was used to analyze the research data. Significance level in this study was 0. 05. Results: Examination of the demographic characteristics of the subjects shows that 50% of the subjects (100 people) were male and 50% of the subjects (100 people) were women. The mean age of the subjects was 37. 24 ±,7. 630 and ranged from 20 to 60 years. According to the results of the present study, Pearson correlation coefficients between the variables of sexual satisfaction with spiritual intelligence, marital adjustment, and marital commitment were statistically positive and significant at the level of P≥, 0. 01. In addition, Pearson correlation coefficients between marital adjustment with spiritual intelligence and marital commitment were statistically positive and significant at the level of P≥, 0. 01. Also, Pearson correlation coefficients between spiritual intelligence and marital commitment were statistically positive and significant at the level of P≥, 0. 05. To ensure the observation of the underlying assumptions, multiple linearity assumption was examined before analyzing the data. For both variables of sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment, tolerance statistics (and variance inflation factor) were obtained for the variables of spiritual intelligence and marital commitment 0. 86 (1. 13) and 0. 86 (1. 13), respectively. As the results show, the obtained tolerance values for the variables are above 0. 10 that indicate the absence of multiple linearity between the variables. Also, the value of the obtained inflation factor variance for the variables is less than 10, which indicates no multiple linearity between the variables. Considering the values of t, it is observed that the effect of all components in the regression equation is significant (P≥, 0. 01). Spiritual intelligence and marital commitment play an important role in explaining sexual satisfaction, and the factor of spiritual intelligence and marital commitment explain 0. 271% of the variance related to sexual satisfaction. Additionally, spiritual intelligence and marital commitment play an important role in explaining marital adjustment, and the factor of spiritual intelligence and marital commitment explains 0. 273% of the variance related to marital adjustment. Conclusion: This study aimed to predict the levels of sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment based on the variables of spiritual intelligence and marital commitment in couples referring to counseling centers in Kermanshah. The present results showed a positive and significant relationship between the variables of sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment with spiritual intelligence and marital commitment. Sexual satisfaction is one of the most important factors in marital satisfaction, and those who are more sexually satisfied report significantly better quality of life than those who are not sexually satisfied. Many factors can affect a couple's sexual satisfaction. One of these factors is spiritual intelligence. Spiritual intelligence as one of the new concepts of intelligence, includes a kind of ADAPTATION and problem-solving behavior that includes the highest level of development in various areas of cognitive, moral, emotional, interpersonal, and etc. and helps the person to coordinate with the surrounding phenomena and achieve internal and external integration. This intelligence gives the person a general insight towards life and all experiences and events and enables him to frame and reinterpret his experiences to deepen his cognition and knowledge. Also, in explaining the relationship between marital commitment with sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment, it can be stated that reducing commitment between the couples causes sexual disorders and consequently reduces couples' sexual satisfaction. Men in marital life consider the quality of their sexual relationship as a criterion of relationship satisfaction, love, and commitment. As a result, the more satisfied they are with their sex, the more satisfied they are with their marriage and experience more love and commitment. Therefore, in order to increase sexual satisfaction and marital adjustment, the components of spiritual intelligence and marital commitment should be considered as two effective and important factors.

Organizations today expect their employees to be creative, to comment, and to be responsible because of fierce competition, customer expectations, and a focus on quality that characterizes a changing world. In Samani behavior, preventing the presentation of employees' opinions and views is called organizational silence. Silence does not only mean not speaking, it also means speaking or writing without credibility and authenticity. In addition, silencing can refer to silence, censorship, deterrence and repression, marginalization, underestimation, deprivation, and other forms of mitigation. Employees are actively involved in organizational activities based on organizational citizenship behavior. Organizational Silence Behavior Theory states that employees avoid disclosing their views and opinions based on an informed decision. Organizational citizenship behavior is an individual, voluntary, and extra-task behavior that is not organized directly or indirectly through the formal reward system and is generally effective in increasing the effectiveness of the organization (Zhang et al, 2017). The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between organizational silence and organizational citizen behavior of primary teachers in Saqez. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of research method. The statistical population included all primary school teachers in Saqez city in the academic year 1300-1400 to 950 people, the sample size was estimated to be 247 people through the Cochran's formula for the target population. In this study, to collect data on organizational silence, the standard questionnaire of 15 questions of Morrison and Milliken organizational silence (Zakariapur, 2014) was used, which includes three components: senior managers 'attitudes to silence, supervisors' attitudes to silence and communication opportunities. Which was assessed by the Vacola and Boradas questionnaire. Also, to measure the organizational citizenship behavior of teachers, a standard 27-item questionnaire of organizational citizenship behavior of Markozi Vazin (Fakori, 2014) was used. This questionnaire was presented by the body according to the components of organizational citizenship behavior to measure organizational citizenship behavior in American cultural conditions. These components are: social etiquette, altruism, work conscience, chivalry, decency, personal coordination and protection of organizational resources. To measure each of the dimensions of organizational citizenship behavior, different terms have been used in seven separate categories with a range of four options. From very low to very high. whose reliability based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0. 874 and. 0/ 967, respectively was obtained. Data analysis was performed using SPSS and LISREL. The results show that All t-values of the study were higher than 1. 96, which indicates a favorable relationship between explicit variables and latent variables; In such a way that components such as the attitude of senior managers and supervisors and communication opportunities in organizational silence and other components of organizational citizen behavior are well explain the main variable of the research. This value reports a significant relationship for the attitude of senior managers in the subset of organizational silence variable with a value of 9. 15 to a very high degree. According to Friedman test, among the three variables of organizational silence, the component of communication opportunities in the first priority and the attitude of supervisors and senior managers in the second and third ranks, respectively. and based on the value (-0. 73) there is a significant relationship between organizational silence and organizational citizen behavior and organizational citizen behavior is affected by 73% of organizational silence. The negativity of this value also indicates that with the decrease of organizational silence, the behavior of the organizational citizen increases and with its increase, the behavior of the organizational citizen decreases. The evaluation indicators of the model show that the model related to the variables of organizational citizen behavior and organizational silence has an acceptable fit. CFI indices (adaptive fit index), GFI (good fit index), IFI (incremental fit index), RFI (relative fit index) are all calculated above 0. 90 which has a suitable value and indicates the desired fit and acceptance of the final model Although there is an atmosphere of silence in organizations, or in other words, supervisors reinforce behaviors that lead to employee silence, the attitude of top management to create silent behaviors and communication opportunities in the organization is low, this will cause It was found that employees in the organization are often silent about issues, followed by low attitudes of citizenship behavior. Since one of the indicators of reducing organizational silence is creating a participatory atmosphere and managers' communication with employees, so managers of organizations, especially educational organizations can reduce organizational silence by cultivating a positive environment in their organization and as a result Increase that organizational citizen behavior. According to the theoretical foundations, if employees are not allowed to express their opinions in the workplace, their level of organizational citizen behavior will decline. Therefore, the organization is deprived of creative ideas and thoughts of employees. Following the results of the research, it is suggested that managers and supervisors in the path of educational organizations, encourage their employees to explain their opinions and various issues and arrange the necessary support in order to achieve the desired goals. Also, by holding regular meetings with the employees of the organization, face-to-face conversations and interviews, identify the obstacles and challenges affecting the organizational citizenship behaviors and empowerment, and take appropriate measures in accordance with those obstacles and challenges. In this regard, organizations need organizational citizenship behavior by employees. For this reason, organizational citizenship behavior affects organizational performance by increasing the productivity of the human resources or manager, coordinating activities within and between working groups, and enabling more effective ADAPTATION to environmental changes. In addition, encouraging and welcoming the employees of the organization in order to express creative and effective ideas in achieving the organization's goal is also important. One of the important limitations of the study was the coincidence with the outbreak of coronavirus, which made it difficult to reach the target population for data collection.

In spite of political characteristic of planning decisions from many contemporary thinkers, a few attempt carried out to establish relations between global planning strategies and political theories. It is important that the test of political thought in various planning strategies can make clear hidden political interests and methods in planning process. Until now, different policies and strategies have taken by governments in the South countries for encountering with informal settlements and their residential societies that formation, decline and stability of them are related to establish various dialogue for development and planning such as globalization, neo-liberalization, structural adjustment policies and democracy. Methodology Method of this research is analytical and it has based on realistic analysis on recognition of the nature and mechanisms of the phenomenon of informalization of space and has used documentary research. In this analysis, the phenomenon of informalization of space occurs based on interactions of individuals and groups (government, local leaders and people) and decisions and their motivations in terms of strategies and tactics in dealing with global currents. At the macro level political and economic policies of governments and circumstances southern states such as political concentration, political instability, war, conflict, colonization and political confusion in relation to global processes like as globalization, neo-liberalism and structural adjustment policies and democracy, in middle level, actions and reactions and decision making of state and various stakeholders resulted by process of macro level that has social and spatial effects and circumstances in micro level. Results and discussion As understood urban planning has failed to produce urban space. In recognition of the failure of the government to make urban spaces, ordinary people have potential to generate their desirable urban spaces by creative spatial practices. Experience has shown that among and between of the official planners, ordinary people towards the authorities and professionals tend to produce variations and differences rather than homogeneous spaces. Ordinary people have the ability to produce lived spaces out of abstract spaces via ADAPTATION and extending spaces for their daily cultural activities and practices. Definitely, it seems that state has not sufficient ability and liability to regulate urban space and forced urban residents to use their liabilities in shaping urban space by creating networks, coalitions and associations. With emphasis on the role of the alliance as a space practice in the production of urban space, we can say "spatial practices for various hidden forces that can distract homogeneous space towards their own goals, product a dramatized space that is lived space of residents in informal settlements. Thus, in relation to the production of space, it can be argued that neoliberal ideology has changed perception of urban space because people in peri-urban areas look for places for the now and future investment. In addition to, reducing the role of government in providing land and housing shows that poor people for affordable access to land for housing continue to struggle. Finally, this process leads to disputes over urban space. In fact, globalization intensifies competition for urban land. First, when demand is rapidly increasing, urban land is became scarce. On the other hand, a large percentage of urban migrants have been absorbed that created due to the new economic opportunities by globalization, cannot pay the price of urban land. In such circumstances, they have no option except to use their own initiative to have access to urban land, which finally have been lead to competition for urban land with government officials. In this regard, urban residents use their own everyday strategies although are not limited to informal land tenure, as the tools for access to land, they organize themselves in alliance to bargaining because they often have been completely excluded urban decision processes and lobbying on competitive urban land. On the other hand, the involvement of government officials have attempted to control competition corruption, self-help housing, evictions and spatial development as spatial strategies of urban space. Conclusion In studying of experiences of countries, these have basic importance: first, global processes have found out different forms in different countries; as space of the Southern have not been appropriate background to realize spaces of global flows due to colonization, war and political conflicts and resulted in informalization of space. Second, informal land and housing markets, not only in scopes of the poor but also in competition arena of the middle class even elite competition in the Third World is provided. Third, in these countries, the problem is not formal and informal, but is the distinction between informalization of the poor and the middle class, but in both of them, the place of this informalization mainly is in the peri-urban areas. Fourth, approach of the right to the city can be addressed as an optimized approach to the rights of working-class groups and challenges in an informal urban background. Given the right to the city, decentralization of power from elites to the poor should be the first step, what Lefebvre called Utopia is a style of thinking that is possible in all regions of the world. Urban-based programs must have mechanisms for gathering the demands of the people. The right to the city is a gradual and procedural category. Adopting such an approach closes us to achieve the right to produce life space and the right to have spaces everyday life in the city. Achieving this right makes a city which two components of access to urban resources and spaces and the quality of urban life and decision making of residents as active subject not the political object are institutionalized for all classes residents in its. Achieving this right makes a city which two components of access to urban resources and spaces and the quality of urban life and decision making of residents as active subject not the political object are institutionalized for all classes residents in its.

Background & Aims: Infertility is a stressful condition, which could adversely affect the mental health of couples. Although the diagnosis and treatment fertility may be a frustrating crisis affecting both spouses and causing mental distress, a sense of loneliness, disappointment, and lack of control, it seems that these issues are more apparent in women than men since the physical and mental burden of infertility and the consequences of the possible failure mostly falls on women. Women (especially in eastern communities and Iranian women) live in a culture in which having a child and fertility are revered more than other communities. Even when a woman is fertile and has an infertile spouse, infertility stress is experienced similarly since regardless of the cause of infertility, the outcome is eventually is childlessness. The social stigmas experienced by infertile women become more intense when they do not enjoy familial support, causing depression in these women. Therefore, the social support of these individuals could play a key role in their ADAPTATION process to the issue of infertility. In Iran, several studies have been focused on the quality of life and psychological issues of infertile individuals, while most of these studies have investigated the psychological issues of infertile women without much regard for the spouses of infertile men. The present study aimed to compare infertility stress and perceived social support in infertile women and the spouses of the infertile men referring to Akbar Abadi Teaching Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 164 infertile women and 93 spouses of infertile men referring to the infertility clinic of Akbar Abadi hospital in Tehran during 2015-2016. After obtaining the required permit from Iran University of Medical Sciences by the researcher and co-researcher, they visited the clinic on working days for sampling. After providing the necessary explanations to the hospital authorities and conforming to ethical principles (e. g., obtaining written consent), continuous sampling was performed until the completion of the sample size. The inclusion criteria were the Iranian nationality of the couples, infertility in only one spouse, willingness to participate in the study, absence of chronic physical diseases or known mental disorders, and no consumption of the medications affecting the nervous system by the couples. The subjects were allowed to withdraw from the study at any stages. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Newton infertility stress inventory, and the functional social support questionnaire, which were completed in a self-report manner or with the help of the researcher, enquiring the subjects, and review of their medical records. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics, including Chi-square and independent t-test at the significance level of P<0. 05. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two study groups in terms of age (infertile women: 31. 24± 5. 68 years; spouses of infertile men: 30. 79± 5. 19 years), duration of marriage (infertile women: 7. 29± 4. 81 years; spouses of infertile men: 7. 54± 4. 13 years), duration of infertility (infertile women: 4. 52± 4. 01 years; spouses of infertile men: 4. 66± 3. 45 years), education level, occupation status, and economic status. In addition, 63. 6% of the infertile women and 77. 3% of the spouses of infertile men had primary infertility, while no significant difference was observed between the groups in this regard. No significant differences were denoted between the groups in terms of the scores of the subscales of infertility stress, including social concerns, sexual concerns, communicational concerns, and concerns regarding the lifestyle without a child, with the exception of the subscale of the need for parenthood (P=0. 038). In addition, the total score of infertility stress had no significant difference between the study groups (P=0. 043). The comparison of the mean perceived social support in the infertile women and spouses of infertile men indicated no significant difference in this regard. Conclusion: Although it seems that regardless of the male or female cause of infertility, women experience stress in case of infertility, the overall stress and stress induced by the need for parenthood were higher in the infertile women compared to the spouses of the infertile men. According to the results, the spouses of the infertile men were as stressed as the infertile women in many subscales of infertility. This could be due to the fact that even when the male gender is the cause of infertility, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are often imposed on women, which increases their concerns compared to their spouses. In the face of infertility stress, women react through anxiety, stress, depression, and grief. One of the major causes of such stress in these women is the fear of divorce and loss of the ability of motherhood. Since pregnancy and the motherhood role are exclusive to women, social expectations are higher in the case of women compared to men, and the fear of the stigma of infertility is more severe in women. It could be stated that due to cultural components and the pre-defined social expectations, the foremost expectation and predicted role for married men and women is to have a child, and lack thereof is frowned upon in the Iranian culture. This shows that in the Iranian culture, the inability to have a child is synonymous with the absence of a fruitful life. Although social support could diminish the stress of infertile individuals, they may still feel the emptiness of their childless life in private, which in turn adversely affects marital relations. Furthermore, it seems that having a child is more important to women than men, and men are able to cope with a childless life more easily than women. Regardless of the cause of infertility, the findings of this study indicated that social support in both the infertile women and spouses of infertile men was similar.

Background & Aims: Common Variable Immune Deficiency Disease (CVID) is a group of primary immunodeficiency diseases that is defined as a defect in the functioning of the immune system and is characterized by low levels of immunoglobulin in the blood and an increased incidence of infections. It is a chronic disorder that has no definitive cure and can only be controlled with a blood factor (IVIG) injection. Because of these conditions, patients are affected by a variety of symptoms that limit them. These patients are affected by severe stress and anxiety. This reduces the quality of life and psychological resilience in them. Because this chronic disease affects a person for a long time, its consequences are uncertain, it has high levels of ambiguity in prognosis, and there is no definitive cure. Although medical science has made significant advances in the development of therapies that affect the physical consequences of the disease, facing the consequences of the disease, mental health and emotional adjustment of these patients are the main challenges for the patient and the medical team (9). The important point is that,When suffering from chronic diseases, the psychological factors associated with ADAPTATION in individuals are greatly reduced. Therefore,Positive factors such as resilience, acceptance, life expectancy decrease and also negative factors such as,depression, anxiety and stress increase (10, 11). For this purpose, Logo Therapy was selected as a psychological intervention method and was performed in ten group sessions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of group Logo Therapy on increasing resilience and quality of life in CVID patients. Methods: In this study, psychotherapy based on Logo Therapy was developed in 10 group sessions. This online psychotherapy was performed on the experimental group to increase resilience and quality of life of CVID patients and the control group did not receive any intervention and were in contact with the researcher to the extent of informing about the CVID. The statistical population included 32 patients referred to the "Immunodeficiency Research Center of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences" who were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Logo Therapy helps these patients find meaning and purpose in their suffering and is trained through Logo Therapy techniques to maintain their spirits in the face of difficult and unchangeable conditions and lead a better life. Have. The research protocol is based on the concepts introduced by Victor Frankl and the interpretation of previous protocols. Schulenberg and Hutzel intervention plan was also considered as a research premise (32). In the process of this Logo Therapy, group exercises and homework were developed and presented in order to achieve the following goals: * Helping people to clarify values that have a special meaning to them. * Set reasonable goals for individuals. * Ensuring that people's goals achieve their meaningful personal values. * Practical planning to achieve people's goals and teaching the concept of time in goals. * Identify the strengths and weaknesses of people that affect the achievement of their goals. * Consider the strengths and weaknesses in planning to achieve goals that are in line with people's values. * Teaching Logo Therapy techniques to reduce stress and psychological pressure. The Connor & Davison Resilience Questionnaire (CD_RSC) and the Common Variable Immune Deficiency Quality of Life Questionnaire (CVID_QoL) were used in the pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up stages of intervention. Results: The data of this study were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS23 software. The findings showed,Research stages include,Post-test and follow-up in resilience are not generally different from each other, but in the minimum stages of research i. e. post-test and follow-up or the effect of time on resilience in the two groups, the data are different. The difference between the groups in the stages of research on resilience is equal to 27. 1%. Logo Therapy in the post-test phase increased the mean resilience scores in the experimental group and the effect of intervention continued in the follow-up phase. According to the results, it can be concluded that the first hypothesis of the research has been confirmed. In other words, Logo Therapy has been effective in increasing resilience in people with CVID. Post-test and follow-up results on quality of life are generally not different from each other, but at least the process of research stages, i. e. post-test and follow-up or the effect of time on quality of life are different in the two groups. The difference between the groups in the stages of research on quality of life is 12. 9%, which shows that Logo Therapy in the post-test phase has increased the average scores of quality of life in the experimental group and the effect of intervention in the follow-up phase has continued. According to the mentioned results, the scores of quality of life and resilience in the post-test stage were associated with a significant increase and in the follow-up stage of intervention was relatively stable. (P <0. 05). Conclusion: From the findings of this study, it is concluded that Logo Therapy has been effective in increasing resilience and the quality of life of CVID patients. The concepts of Logo Therapy taught to these patients have improved their psychological state. Logotherapy has helped these patients become more resilient in the face of illness by teaching concepts such as finding meaning in suffering and accepting it as part of life. Also, the meaning of life has helped these people to accept the existing problems and experience less stress. This acceptance has increased their quality of life. According to the findings of this study, it is suggested that in addition to medical interventions, Logo Therapy should be used as a psychological intervention to improve the quality of life and resilience of these patients. The goal and mission of medicine and psychology is to increase the quality of life of patients. Coherence of these interventions will have significant effects on improving the condition of CVID patients.

Background & Aims: Skeletal muscle is a highly malleable tissue capable of signifi, cant metabolic and morphological ADAPTATIONs in response to disruptions in cellular homeostasis induced by exercise. Resistance and endurance training represent divergent exercise modes, with each inducing distinct responses within the muscle milieu that act to minimize cellular stress. The well-known adaptive features of chronic muscle contraction include muscle hypertrophy and increased strength. These features are induced by high-intensity muscle contraction, such as that involved in resistance exercises. Other typical ADAPTATIONs are increases in oxidative capacity and glucose uptake, which are induced by low-intensity, high volume muscle contraction, such as that observed during EE. combined training, a combination of endurance exercises (EE) and resistance exercise (RE) in succession, is used widely in exercise prescription to simultaneously improve muscular strength and cardiovascular function. Interestingly, accumulating evidence indicates that this combination of the two exercise modes may hamper strength and muscle hypertrophic ADAPTATIONs to RE. However, studies on the effects of physiological ADAPTATIONs of EE on RE-induced muscle hypertrophy have shown mixed results. Intriguingly, a recent study in humans reported that EE performed prior to RE increased muscle mass to a greater extent than long-term RE alone, suggesting that EE may not always attenuate RE-induced muscle hypertrophy. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β, 1) is a polypeptide member of the transforming growth factor beta superfamily of cytokines. TGF-β, 1 plays essential roles in various biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, tissue development, and infl, ammation. While transient TGF-β,expression may contribute to muscle regeneration after injury, the chronic elevated expression of TGF-β,in skeletal muscle may be detrimental. Although the role of TGF-β,in muscle mass regulation and skeletal muscle fi, brosis has been studied extensively, the eff, ects on hypertrophy signaling pathways muscle cells and underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Furthermore, taking into account the functional and mechanistic similarities between TGF-β,and myostatin, as well as the fact that both ligands have been implied as possible therapeutic targets for muscle wasting disorders, the purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks of combined training with different order on TGF-β, 1 in fast and slow twitch muscles in male wistar rats. Methods: In this study, 40 adult male Wistar rats (age: 10 weeks, weight: 180-200 gr) were maintained on a 12: 12-h dark-light cycle in a temperature-controlled environment (22 oC) with free access to standard laboratory chow and tap water. Before the allocation to their respective groups, all animals underwent three familiarization sessions, separated by 48-h intervals, to get acquainted with the exercise protocols (i. e., endurance and strength exercises). Rats were randomly allocated into resistance training (n=8), endurance training (n=8), resistance-endurance training (n=8), endurance-resistance training (n=8) and control (n=8) groups in equal laboratorial condition. Resistance training was conducted for 8 weeks (5 sessions/week) on a special 1-meter high ladder (divided by 26 stairs) with the loading of percent of overloading test (%75 of weight body) in the first week and increased to 30gr per week. Training included 10 sets of with 2 min rest between sets. Endurance training consisted of treadmills run, that speed and duration of running gradually increased during training period, from 9 m/min and 10 minutes in the first week to 30 m/min and 60 minutes in the last week. Animals in the endurance-resistance group performed the EE protocol first. 5 min after the completion of the EE bout, they were placed in the strength-training apparatus to perform the RE protocol. In the resistance-endurance group performed RE 5 minutes before EE. Animals were killed by decapitation 24 h after the exercise protocols and the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and soleus muscles were removed from both legs, weighed on an analytical balance, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at-80oC for further analysis. The proteins levels of TGF-β, 1 were measured by ELISA method. After normality (Shapiro Wilk test) and variance assurance (Levene test), the groups were compared by one-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test was applied for multiple comparison purposes. The level of significance was set at P ≤,0. 05. Results: The results showed that weight of FHL and soleus muscles significantly increased in all experimental groups compared to control group. The TGF-β, 1 in fast twitch muscle decreased significantly in strength group (p=0. 008). Although both resistance-endurance training and endurance-resistance training resulted in no significantly decrease in TGF-β, 1 for FHL and soleus, but there were no significant differences between combined training with differing order (P≥, 0. 05). Conclusion: It seems that exercise order in combined training result in no different effect on TGF-β, 1 in fast and slow twitch muscles in wistar rats. The majority of current molecular data suggests that endurance exercise does not compromise early anabolic responses to resistance exercise. Thus, sports scientists but mostly the coaches should be very careful about the training strategies which they are willing to follow, when a combination of endurance and resistance training is needed, by taking into consideration how different training modalities interact between them. In an effort to maximize the training ADAPTATIONs from a combined and thus limit the effects, sports scientists and coaches should consider the level of fatigue from both modules and the need of inter-session time intervals to minimize the training induced overall fatigue. However, further elucidation of the molecular factors mediating the specifi, city of training ADAPTATION in human skeletal muscle is warranted, which in turn may provide additional mechanistic insight into the combined interference phenomenon. Ultimately, improved understanding of the roles of individual combined training variables, including within-session exercise order in modulating the interference effect is required to guide exercise prescription for simultaneously maximizing divergent training ADAPTATIONs. Future work should aim to further clarify the roles of these training variables in acute and particularly chronic interference in trained individuals to inform practical recommendations for minimizing interference between combined resistance and endurance exercise.