Background and Aim: Metal ceramic restorations are widely used in crowns. The marginal fitness of these artificial crowns is prone to alteration during the firing cycle of porcelain. Gold electroformed metal-ceramic restorations have been introduced as alternatives to conventional metal-ceramic restorations. However little is known about the relationship between procelain firing procedures and marginal ADAPTATION of this type of crown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of firing procedures on the marginal ADAPTATION of electroformed metal-ceramic crown restoration.Materials & Methods: One steel die was prepared for maxillary molar crowns with deep chamfer finishing line design. Ten standardized gold electroformed copings were fabricated. Marginal discrepancy was measured at four sites along the circumferential margin of each coping (Midbuccal - Midpalatal - Midmesial - Middistal) using SEM (Mag: X400) prior to and after porcelain firing procedure. Data among the 2 different groups (before porcelain firing) were statistically analyzed using the paired t-test (a=0.05) analysis.Results: The marginal discrepancy of the postfiring procedures (21.45±2.27 mm) were significantly greater than those of the prefiring procedures (18.23±1.96 mm) (p<0.002).Conclusion: The porcelain-firing procedures influenced the marginal distortion of electroformed metal-ceramic crown restorations, but the marginal discrepancies for all copings and examined design are clinically acceptable (less than 100 mm).

We spend one third of our life in sleep. The interesting point about the sleep is that the neurons are not quiescent during sleeping and they show synchronous oscillations at different regions. Especially sharp wave ripples are observed in the hippocampus. Here, we propose a simple phenomenological neural mass model for the CA1-CA3 network of the hippocampus considering the spike frequency ADAPTATION for excitatory neurons. The model consists of one group of identical CA1 excitatory neurons, one group of identical CA1 inhibitory neurons, one group of identical CA3 excitatory neurons, and one group of identical CA3 inhibitory neurons. All the recurrent connections between the neurons of CA3 network are considered. For CA1 neurons the excitatory to inhibitory, inhibitory to excitatory and inhibitory to inhibitory connections are considered. CA1 and CA3 neurons are connected by long-range connections from CA3 excitatory neurons to both CA1 excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show that this simple model can spontaneously generate the oscillations similar to the sharp waves in the CA3 network. The duration of the sharp waves is determined by the slow dynamic of the ADAPTATION process. The excitatory inputs from CA3 network to the CA1 network during these sharp waves induce ripples in the CA1 network due to the interaction of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We next show that contrary to intuition and in a very good agreement with the recent experimental findings, reduction of the excitation increases the amplitude of the ripples while decreases the frequency of them. This model can also spontaneously generate ripple doublets. The decrease in the excitation is associated with the increase in the probability of observing ripple doublets. Our results shed light on our understanding of the mechanism underlying the generation of sharp wave ripples.

Background: In addition to physical ADAPTATION and psychosocial adjustment to chronic renal disease, hemodialysis (HD) patients must also adapt to dialysis therapy plan.Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of Roy’s ADAPTATION model-based patient education on ADAPTATION of HD patients.Patients and Methods: This study is a semi-experimental research that was conducted with the participation of all patients with end-stage renal disease referred to the dialysis unit of Shahid Beheshti Hospital of Yasuj city, 2010. A total of 59 HD patients were randomly allocated to two groups of test and control. Data were collected by a questionnaire based on the Roy’s ADAPTATION Model (RAM). Validity and reliability of the questionnaire were approved. Patient education was determined by eight one-hour sessions over eight weeks. At the end of the education plan, the patients were given an educational booklet containing the main points of self-care for HD patients. The effectiveness of education plan was assessed two months after plan completion and data were compared with the pre-education scores. All analyses were conducted using the SPSS software (version 16) through descriptive and inferential statistics including correlation, t-test, and ANOVA and ANCOVA tests.Results: The results showed significant differences in the mean scores of physiological and self-concept models between the test and control groups (P=0.01 and P=0.03 respectively). Also a statistical difference (P=0.04) was observed in the mean scores of the role function mode of both groups. There was no significant difference in the mean scores of interdependence modes between the two groups.Conclusions: RAM based patient education could improve the patients’ ADAPTATION in physiologic and self-concept modes. In addition to suggesting further research in this area, nurses are recommended to pay more attention in applying RAM in dialysis centers.

Introduction: Hysterectomy is one of the common gynecological operations in women, which operation is accompanied by several postoperative complications and gives birth to many anxieties and troubles in patients. Such an operation may cause disorder in female roles and their sexual identity and, finally, complicates their ADAPTATION process. Purpose of this study was determined of the effect of applying problem-solving skill on social ADAPTATION in post-hysterectomy women.Methods: the present research was a semi-experimental study with the “Pretest - Posttest” plan.Sample size consists of 60 women who underwent hysterectomy surgery operation in Imam Reza Hospital of Kermanshah in 2013-2014 selected on availability basis and were put in study and control groups in a random allocation style. In control group, intervention was done on the basis of applying problem-solving skill in 6-member groups for the period of 6 sessions, but routine care method was used in control group. Social-ADAPTATION Inventory was filled before intervention and then one month after intervention through self-reporting method. Data analysis was performed with the help of SPSS, Descriptive Statistics, and Chi-Square, Paired Samples T Test and Independent T Test.Results: results represented that 60 percent of reported units in age group 41-50 were at the educational level of high school diploma or below it, 96.6 percent were households, 92.4 had husband, and 60 percent were not in menopausal period. Comparison of the average score of social ADAPTATION in both groups before and after intervention did not prove existence of significant difference (t=-0.04, p=0.96), while after intervention the social ADAPTATION score was 69.5±2.4 in study group and 139.5±4.2 in control group that the difference was significant in terms of statistics (t=-86.5, P<0.001).Conclusion: social ADAPTATION is subject to change in post-hysterectomy patients and we may help them via applying problem-solving skill to improve their social ADAPTATION.

The submission of useful and methodical research papers is subject to the strict observance of common rules and criteria, the violation of which leads to the production of defective and undesirable research works. Criticism of writings that have been provided without considering the accepted scientific criteria in writing research articles and revealing their errors and shortcomings undoubtedly has an effect on improving the quality of research and writings of the researchers. Therefore, in the present article, by reviewing a number of writings by one of the prolific authors, some of the anomalous research methods and sources in writing scientific articles are evaluated and criticized, including, large ADAPTATIONs of the works of other researchers and combining authorship and translation, vague and inaccurate citations and plagiarism due to improper citations, recycling of previously published material in new articles or self-citations, repeated republishing of an article or book in various forms (essay making and bookmaking), providing inaccurate translations and applying excessive free translation; having Improper role of authorship for himself in providing research works and ignoring the rights of the original owners of ideas, as well as disorganized composition and hasty writing with immature and inadequate style.

This article, “History, ADAPTATION and Appropriation in Cinema”, based on descriptive and analytical approach, tries to clarify new less known theoretical perspectives towards history, narrative and ADAPTATION. The importance of the issue is intensified by the increased number of films adapted from historical texts. In other words, history texts have always been a source for film production, especially historical film that form a considerable film genre. Although, already there are some published books on the subject of film ADAPTATION, they have been, however, rather focused on practical aspects than theoretical frameworks. The same is true about dramaturgy as treated in most of theatrical books and journals. In the first section of this paper, action of ADAPTATION, kinds of ADAPTATION, action of appropriation and its relation to the action of ADAPTATION are explained. Furthermore, the relation of the action of ADAPTATION and such issues as literary theft are more developed and discovered. Exploring different aspects of the action of appropriation, new metaphors are introduced which explain the action more thoroughly. Another topic discussed in this section, based on Robert Stam’s concepts of ADAPTATION, deals with the impact of new metaphors on the theory of ADAPTATION. This article also borrows many ideas from Julie Sanders’s famous book ADAPTATION and Appropriation which deals exclusively with the issues of ADAPTATION and appropriation in films adapted from literary and history texts. The final part of this section explores the relations between Darwinian world, evolution process, and the world of ADAPTATION. Second section of the article deals with the relation between history and narrative, and the relation of history texts to cinematic or literary ADAPTATIONs. The main topics of this section include: new developments in the theories of history, their impact on the field of ADAPTATION, fidelity to the history, and originality of historical narratives. It is argued that in a historical drama, the very history text could be considered as the main source of the narrative. Reacting towards this kind of historical drama, however, some history scholars try to measure the drama against its degree of fidelity to the historical facts, by establishing a kind of historical determinacy as the evaluation criteria in appraising such adapted works. One of the most controversial issues in this field – the issue of fidelity – is the topic of the third section of this paper. Other topics dealt with here include: the (im) possibility of fidelity in the action of ADAPTATION, the effects of such theoretical approaches as structuralism and post structuralism, originality and its discourse, and the impact of digital media and new technologies on the theory of ADAPTATION. Also, Gadamer’s notion of “fusion of cultural horizons” is deployed as a means to explain the process of adapting historical texts into films. Furthermore, such important issues as intertextuality between historical text and cinematic ADAPTATION, and the interaction through fusion of cultural horizons, are explained. Some of the other topics discussed here are: the impact of theoretical turns of history theory and ADAPTATION theory on film ADAPTATION, and evaluation of such cinematic ADAPTATIONs.