Embedded SYSTEMs are increasingly expected to provide good performance at low cost. As the characteristics of compiled code can have an impact on the overall cost of an embedded SYSTEM, a compilation strategy must be cost aware as well as achieve high performance. As one major factor for SYSTEM cost is their execution time. On the other hand, code size is an important issue due to limited memory of some embedded SYSTEMs. Thus, cost-effective optimization strategies that are able to perform a good trade-off between code size and performance improvement are needed. Mobile AD-HOC networks (MANETs) are random, self-configurable and rapidly deployable networks without any infrastructure. The data is moved between the memory and these registers by means of Load and Store instructions. The word length of the Nios II processor is 32 bits. All registers are 32 bits long. Byte addresses in a 32-bit word are assigned in little-endian style, in which the lower byte addresses are used for the less significant bytes of the word. The Nios II architecture uses separate instruction and data buses, which is often referred to as the Harvard architecture. In this paper, we review some existed mobility models of AD-HOC network and compare such methods with each other. Also, at the end of this paper, we will suggest new novel model, which has more optimality in comparison with the existed models.

Internal-force-driven flows in which the force acting on channel cross sections have a perfect uniform distribution create a fully developed velocity field even the axial distribution of these forces is non-uniform. In this situation, firstly the driving force with non-uniform axial distribution can be removed temporarily and then one can use an equivalent axial uniform body force alternatively throughout the channel. In this case, although the distribution and the driving force change but the resulting velocity profiles remain unchanged. The main advantage of this replacement is that the solution of the equations in the 3-D geometries can be converted to a 2-D solution using Poisson equation in the channel cross section. After determining the velocity distribution in the cross section, one can inversely calculate the actual pressure distribution easily. This will be done by resuming the real axial force. One of the applications of this simplification is that the simulation of MHD channel flows can be carried out easily. Good agreement between the results of the new solution method and the results of the perfect solutions shows that the present method with enough accuracy can be used for prediction of velocity and pressure fields in microfluidic networks. Consequently the heavy costs of 3-D analysis are reduced considerably.

Location awareness is an important capability for a series of enhanced wireless businesses. sensor networks are dense wireless networks of small low cost sensors, which collect and disseminate environmental data, for monitoring, military application and so on. Localization is an unconstrained optimization problem. position estimation is based on various, distance / path measures, which include anchor and non-anchor nodes. Anchor positions, have been predetermined to help us localize other nodes. This study proposes using a combination of fuzzy techniques, and advanced APS method, to estimate unknown nodes. In a network with twenty hundred nodes of which twenty percent operates as anchors. These nodes localize the other one hundred and sixties. It is necessary to select the best four anchors for localizing. We suppose that the anchors neighbor to unknown nodes are the best. It is time consuming to find the distance of unknown anchors in such a widespread network. Using the fuzzy logic, putting the limitation of distance, and selecting the nearest anchor to the unknown node, the nearest four anchoress can be selected. In this case the rate of localization error will be decreased due to selecting neighbor anchors. Therefore, we can localize nodes by using AD-HOC positioning SYSTEM.Fuzzy rules help us to estimate position in less than 2.4 seconds with mean normal positioning deviation of z=0.4597.

Introduction: Evaluation of hospital information SYSTEM (HIS) is a complex endeavor, in which all human, technical and organizational aspects should be considered. This study aimed to develop indicators for HIS evaluation.Methods: Present qualitative study was carried out through a cross-sectional method in 2012 in Kerman province, using Delphi technique. Given the objectives of this study, three independent phases were performed including literature review, providing draft indicators for HIS evaluation and reaching consensus. Required data were obtained through interviews and designed forms. Twenty-three experts composed the study population in interview and reaching consensus phases. Validity and reliability were confirmed through content validity and test-retest method, respectively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics.Results: Final set of indicators for HIS evaluation consisted of ninety-one indicators under 8 main topics, i.e. technical quality, software quality, architecture and interface quality, vendor quality, after-sale services quality, workflow support quality, support department, outcome quality and HIS cost.Conclusion: Given the complexity of information SYSTEM evaluation, all human, technical and organizational aspects have to be taken into account in any evaluation. Proposed indicators provide the possibility of comprehensive evaluation of HIS.

Objective(s): Taking the importance of end-users' satisfaction in the overall success of a HIS, this study was performed to assess their attitudes in different hospitals in Tehran.Methods: Interviews were made with officials of 20 hospitals in Tehran. Research tool was a questionnaire in 8 parts. Results: Sixty three officials entered into the study. The average age was 40.7 years and 62.1% were male. 80.5% of the respondents indicated that they were satisfied or very satisfied with HIS in their hospitals. In general several factors found to be important to the HIS users. These were: better communication and quicker and more effective access to data, reports and outputs, organization management, resources, proper training for managers and users, compliance assessment inside the organization, ease of learning and implementation, effective support, and ease of use. Conclusion: The development of hospital information SYSTEMs in Iran is in its early stages and despite their considerable progresses during recent years, they still require more investment in order to satisfy the administrators' and end users' expections.

Introduction and goal: Yearly statistics show a considerable number of life loses in the world resulted from Malaria disease.Consequently, substantial efforts and budgets have to be dedicated to the control and elimination of this disease. Development of simulation models can help in understanding and studying the distribution of the disease. The goal of this research is to develop an easily-understandable patio-temporal model of the Malaria distribution.Methodology: To model the distribution of the disease, the spatial analysis capabilities of Geospatial Information SYSTEMs (GIS), Cellular Automata (CA) and epidemic model of SIR are used.The proposed model is implemented in Matlab and ArcGIS software environments. Different gray levels of the cells and proper time epochs are used for the visualization of the disease distribution process in space and time. A part of Minab township in Hormozgan province, in Iran, is selected as the study area, because of its high figures of the disease occurrences.Results: In the developed simulation model, by introducing the spatial data layers and the input parameters, the distributed of the disease in space and time is visualized. An important capability provided by the model is to generate and study different scenarios. As examples, the effect of distance to stagnant water bodies, the concurrent effect of temperature and humidity, and the effects of some other parameters, introduced by Malaria experts, in the distribution of the disease, are simulated.Conclusions: The simulation model developed in this research can help the managers to understand and predict the distribution of the Malaria in any given area or situation. Moreover, the model can be used to study the results of any decision taken by the managers, when trying to prevent or control the disease.For example, the effect of different levels of vaccination in an area can be tested and analyzed by the model.

Background and aim: Sensory deficits after stroke are common with prevalence rates variously reported to be 11% to 85%. In spite of the fact that Sensory deficits can decrease the quality of upper limb's movements and result in impairments in fine motor manipulation of objects, grasp and manipulative skills and finally decrease the patient's quality of life but commonly overlooked in stroke rehabilitation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sensory retraining on upper limb recovery.Materials and methods: In this study we studied 5 chronic stroke patients were participated using a single-SYSTEM (A-B) design. During the baseline phase patient' s function and motor impairment of upper limb were measured by Fugl-Meyer and Motoricity Index and their hand dexterity were measured by Box and Block test on three days intervals. When Patients reached to a stable pattern of changes, their treatment program began. In this phase they received sensory retraining intervention for 6 weeks. Based on sensory retraining principles and according to each patient's abilities, intervention began with detection and localization of constant and moving touch and followed by higher discriminatory tasks, such as graphestesia. Then results of evaluations of two phases were analyzed.Results: Four patients showed significant improvements in upper limb function. The data showed significant improvements in motor impairments and hand dexterity in all of them.Conclusion: Regarding of significant recovery of upper limb function, motor impairment and hand dexterity of patients, sensory retraining can be considered as a practical method in rehabilitation of stroke patients. However further research with larger sample size is needed.