For induction of ruminal ACIDOSIS, 10 clinically healthy three years old non pregnant female sheep were selected. Prior to the infusion of sucrose (0 hour), rumen and blood samples were obtained in order to determine baseline rumen and blood pH, respectively. Electrocardiogram (ECG) was also recorded. Acute ruminal ACIDOSIS was induced experimentally with sucrose at a dose of 18g kg-1 body weigh through rumen fistula. ECG was recorded and blood and rumen samples collected at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36, and 48 hours after the infusion of sucrose. Results indicated that blood and rumen pH decreased significantly at 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36 and 48 hours and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36 and 48 hours, respectively. ACIDOSIS produced a marked increasing in heart rate and a decrease in PR interval at 15 and 18 hour significantly with little apparent effect on the ST and PR segment. The P amplitude increased significantly at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 and 30 hours. The T amplitude increased significantly at 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30 and 36 hours. The RR interval decreased significantly at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 30, 36 and 48 hours. In conclusion acute ruminal ACIDOSIS caused significant changes in ECG of sheep though there was not any detectable arrhythmia in the ECG in acute ruminal ACIDOSIS.

Objective(s): Causality of occurrence of metformin-associated lactic ACIDOSIS (MALA) is a clinical problem. Currently, there is no drug available to prevent MALA. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effect of Berberine (BBR) against MALA in induced diabetic rat model. Materials and Methods: A sample of 75 healthy male Wistar rats was randomly selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. 75 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control and 4 experimental groups. Streptozotocin (STZ) in citrate buffer (pH 4. 5) at a dose of 45 mg/kg was injected for induction of diabetes mellitus and rats achieving fasting blood glucose >250 mg/dl were included. Blood samples were collected 18 hr after the last dose of metformin and berberine. Ethical approval was taken before the study was conducted. Staistix 10. 0 (USA) software was used for data analysis. Results: Berberine decreased MALA. Metformin, metformin + BBR 50 mg/kg bwt, and metformin + BBR 100 mg/kg bwt showed serum lactate as 1. 87± 0. 4 mmol/lL, 1. 62 ± 0. 44 mmol/l and 1. 47± 0. 45 mmol/l, respectively (P=0. 0001). Insulin resistance and liver enzymes were improved in BBR treated rats. Conclusion: The present study reports berberine protects against MALA in streptozocin-induced diabetes mellitus.

Although renal tubular ACIDOSIS (RTA) is a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 4 RTA associated with lupus nephritis is extremely rare. A 20-year-old woman presented with malaise and edema in the lower extremities and face. She had multiple lymphadenopathies. There were 20% eosinophil in blood smear and 32% in bone marrow aspiration. Serology revealed positive antinuclear antibody at 1: 1000 titer, positive double-stranded DNA antibodies, and low complements C3 and C4 levels. Urinary sediment was active and urinary protein excretion was 4.8 g/d. The SLE Disease Activity Index score was 23. A high SLE Disease Activity Index scores was proposed as a potential risk factor for type 4 RTA. Type 4 RTA may complicate SLE, and specifically, patients with high SLEDAI scores and lymphadenopathy may pose a high risk. Our patient responded successfully to immunomodulatory therapy.

Background: HS and hereditary dRTA are associated with mutations in the SLC4A1 gene encoding the AE1. In this study, some patients with clinical evidence of congenital HS and renal symptoms were investigated. Methods: Twelve patients with congenital HS and renal symptoms were recruited from Ali-Asghar Children’ s Hospital (Tehran, Iran). A patient suspected of having dRTA was examined using WES method, followed by Sanger sequencing. Results: One patient (HS03) showed severe failure to thrive, short stature, frequent urinary infection, and weakness. A homozygote (rs571376371 for c. 2494C>T; p. Arg832Cys) and a heterozygote (rs377051298 for c. 466C>T; p. Arg156Trp) missense variant were identified in the SLC4A1 and SPTA1 genes, respectively. The compound heterozygous mutations manifested as idRTA and severe HS in patient HS03. Conclusion: Our observations, for the first time, revealed clinical and genetic characteristics of idRTA and severe HS in an Iranian patient HS03.

Background: Hypercalcemia is an endocrine emergency that should be diagnosed as soon as possible and managed carefully. For better management multiple causes of hypercalcemia must be taken into consideration.Case presentation: We observed three infants with hypercalcemia and distal renal tubular ACIDOSIS at the time of diagnosis during 5 years. The patients were referred with severe dehydration and failure to thrive.Conclusion: There was no reason for hypercalcemia found in these patients except distal renal tubular ACIDOSIS. So we suggest distal renal tubular ACIDOSIS as a cause for hypercalcemia.