Introduction In French law, medical error proceeding has undergone many developments, and at present in this country a comprehensive medical compensation system is designed to address both patient rights and physician concerns about the costs of compensation. Contrary to traditional French law and the general classification of medical services in a public or private hospital, a new legal regime has been adopted since 2002 by accepting any fault for medical malpractice, regardless of whether the service provider was public or private, and an evolution in the concept of fault for medical liability was created in this country. In this development, new and varied methods of compensation in the event of a medical malpractice start from the friendly process of reconciliation between the parties through the Conciliation and compensation committees for medical accidents and continue until payment is made by the Guarantee Fund of The National Medical Accident Compensation Office. The legal and criminal responsibility of the physician has also been strengthened in the French legal system, and even the decisions of the last highest medical authority, the National Council of the College of Physicians, have been overseen by the French State Council. Conclusion Examination of French law on medical error and its remedies can be useful for the health system of Iran and many countries and can fix many problems.

Regarding how to make decisions on the revelation of medical errors done by colleagues, investigation of physicians' points of view particularly those in educational settings could help the improvement of circumstances to which we encounter medical errors and thus respecting patient's rights. This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire after performing face and content validaty and determination of internal and external reliability. The viewpoint of 40 attending physicians and 112 medical residents from different specialties about their inclination to disclose errors, the results of disclosure, the factors influencing on nondisclosure, and the factors decreasing medical errors were asked. Data were analyzed using SPSS v. 21. Mean scores of 15. 2± 1. 3 for attending and 12. 56± 2. 05 for residents regarding the dimension of "inclination to disclose others' medical error"; and mean scores of 7. 55± 0. 677 for attending and 9. 09± 2. 01 for residents in terms of "inclination to NOT disclose" were differed significantly (p<0. 001). Participants declared the head of medical department/ward as the best authority for managing and dealing with medical errors as the best approach for disclosure of the errors through attendance of the senior physician accompanied by the physician who has made the error. Urban general physicians, nurses, and firstyear residents were reported with the most frequency of the errors. The data can be used for the promotion of the patient's rights and the perspective of the medical team when encountering errors done by a colleague, rightfully, and protectively. Building cultural, legal, and social contexts will be the mission of the educational-medical settings aimed at making possible a scientific and skillful error disclosure.

Medical error is one of the most important ethical and legal issues that sometimes occur when a variety of health care practices are provided by healthcare professionals. Due to the necessity of medical error disclosure and lack of adequate personal and organizational support in this field, this study investigates strategies for facilitating error disclosure as well as increasing the variety of supportive measures from the perspective of residents. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study with statistical population including all residents of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was obtained using Morgan table as 248 participants. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire (with descriptive and valid reliability) and analyzed by SPSS software using descriptive and inferential statistics. In this study, increasing support facilities for medical error disclosure (mean 4. 38) was the most important factor, and increasing the lawfulness and transparency of activities in the medical setting (mean 4. 32) was the second factor affecting the promotion of medical error disclosure. Also, medical liability insurance (mean 4. 80) was the most important supportive measure. The fear of legal and judicial consequences was reported as the most effective factors on the error concealment and having experienced lawyers and cultivation effects of mass media declared as the way out. In the present study, although most residents agreed with medical error disclosure, but due to the wide range of risk management problems that affect error disclosure, they found it necessary to establish a support system. Given the teamwork in health-care delivery, support should be given to all members of the treatment team.

Due to the load of clinical services done by medical interns and residents, their errors can cause harm to patients, so their viewpoint toward error disclosure has particular importance. This research was a cross sectional study. All medical interns and residents in Kerman medical school selected through census method. Data was collected using a questionnaire containing demographic data and questions about the experience of medical errors, results of medical errors, reasons for concerns about disclosure of medical errors and questions about student view point toward error disclosure. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and its reliability was determined using Alfa cronbach 0.8. Mean and standard deviation of view point score calculated and compared by independent T test. Two hundred seventy three questionnaires were completed.92% of participants stated that they have experienced medical error. The mean and standard deviation of participants' viewpoint score was 57.70±17.20. There was no significant difference between the mean scores of interns and residents. Experience of medical error is common among medical interns and residents. Education systems should enhance the competency of interns and residents to prevent the occurrence of any error as well as development of a positive attitude to help them how to deal with medical error.

Background: Concern about medical errors in all patients has been elevated recently. Understanding of how patients conceptualize medical error would help health care providers to diminish safety concerns and increase patient satisfaction. This study was performed to evaluate patients worrisome from medical errors and relationship with patient concern, characteristic and satisfaction.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in Tehran on October 2008. A questionnaire was performed to assess patients feeling about medical errors and their satisfactions according to Likert Scale. During 1 week period, all of the patients who came to the emergency department of Hazrat Rasool Akram hospital were included in the study. Patients who had altered level of consciousness or intoxication or were less than 18 years old were excluded.  Telephone interviews were conducted 7 days later. Patients were asked about medical safety, concerns about medical errors and satisfaction with care. Data were gathered and analyzed by c2 and T Test via SPSS 14 software.Results: Of 638 patients, 48.3% of patients reported experiencing at least one specific error related concern; that most commonly were consuming too much time in emergency ward and medical stadents faalts. Their concerns were associated with age, educational level, length of stay and disposition (P<0.001). 62% of patients showed high satisfaction regarding medical care service. Patient satisfaction was highly related to their concern.Conclusion: Although many patients have a good sense of security medical care services, but due to stressful situation in emergency departments, understanding of patient concerns, education and good communication with patients could decrease their concerns and increase satisfaction.

Background and Aim: Ethics has a special Position in surgery. Patients' safety highlights this position as a top priority in WHO-defined Health service provider systems. Therefore, the first step in a medical error is to return the patient to the treatment process and not miss the opportunity to therapy. Reporting medical errors and being accountable to them, In addition to being a sign of commitment, responsibility and trustworthiness of physicians and medical organizations, it also provides patient rights. In the present study, we analyze the ethical and legal aspects of the knowledge of professors, residents and students about medical errors that occurred in the surgical department. Materials and Methods: This research is based on a case series descriptive method and citing authentic library documents and resources. Findings: Reporting medical errors improves the performance of treatment staff. According to the analysis, in response to 5 questions from the statistical community in question, all professors disclosed medical errors in cases that did not cause a serious complication for the patient. But in cases where the complication is serious and traceable, more than two-thirds of professors have stated that they have not reported it or that it is difficult for them to make a decision. Conclusion: A patient has the right to know about medical error disclosure and any intervention and therapeutic process must be performed with his or her consent on the basis of the principle of preserving the Physical integrity. As a committed individual, the physician has the duty to inform the patient if an error occurs during treatment for the patient. Error disclosure increases patient confidence in the physician and health system and reduces the likelihood of a lawsuit being filed against the hospital or physician and results in respect for the patient's citizenship rights.

Background and Aim: The statistical yearbook of forensic medicine shows an annual increase in the number of cases referred to medical commissions due to complaints of "misdiagnosis in abortion cases. Although perhaps one of the reasons for the increase in the number of complaints is the increase in the number of clients, considering the updating of maternal and fetal indications for therapeutic abortion and the development of new guidelines, the performance evaluation of forensic experts in relation to the extent of compliance with the latest approved laws in order to find the causes of the trend The rise of complaints seems necessary. Methods: In this Existing data study, all the opinions issued in the cases referred to the medical commissions department of Tehran province due to the complaint of "diagnostic error in abortion cases" from March 2016 to March 2020 were reviewed. Diagnostic error in complaint files regarding abortion treatment regarding fetal indications means not requesting timely tests or sonograms related to the complaint, such as echocardiography of the fetal heart - gene screening test - genetic tests (karyotype - cytogenetic - rapid test) Consultation request with a perinatologist - consultation requests with the relevant specialist depending on the type of maternal disease or fetal anomaly, etc.) by the obstetrician and gynecologist; failure to diagnose fetal abnormalities by radiologists or Perinatologists;              Non - diagnosis and incorrect reporting in the cases of gene testing - genetic tests (karyotype - cytogenetic - rapid test by genetics specialist and laboratory and regarding maternal indications for abortion therapy, failure to timely diagnose the mother's underlying disease by specialist and subspecialist doctors in the field Medical treatment depends on the type of mother's illness. Results: Out of a total of 22 existing cases, the opinions issued in all cases were in accordance with the latest laws approved in Iran. The highest number of complaints (40.9%) was from gynecologists and obstetricians. Review of issued ideas indicated 6 cases (27.3%) of disciplinary error, 15 cases (68.2%) of acquittal, and 1 case (4.5%) of the impossibility of issuing a theory due to the lack of evidence and documentation in the file. Conclusion: It seems that the views issued by the Tehran Medical Commission do not conflict with the laws of medical abortion. It recommends conducting more studies in other medical commissions.