Wheat production, as production of other agricultural crops, deals with a set of risks of which one is input risk. In other word, many inputs on first emerge or after periods affect the variance of production and bring risk along. On the other hand, some experts believe that some inputs reduce the risk of reduction. By the model Just and Pope (1978) suggested, this paper studies 163 wheat producers of Khorasan province within 2003-2004 to investigate the effects of inputs on production risk. Results reveal that inputs like nitrate fertilizer and irrigation reduce the risk of production. Thus inputs could be insured. Finally with respect to the results, a pattern is suggested in order to investigate such effects.

Introduction: Systemic bacterial infections are a common cause of mortality and morbidity in hemodialysis patients. Zinc has a critical role in several immune system functions. Patients who have enough amounts of zinc are able to better face infections caused by various pathogens in comparison to those with zinc insufficiency. Objective We sought to assess the role of zinc deficiency in dialysis-associated bacterial infections. Patients and Methods: Eighty-Three adult patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis including 43 patients with bacterial infectious complications and 40 non-infected patients as well as 41 healthy individuals were enrolled. Clinical data, laboratory values including serum zinc level and imaging findings were collected. SPSS was utilized to analyze the data with a significance cutoff set at P < 0. 05. Results: Out of 124 participants, 80 (64. 51%) were males and 44 (35. 49%) were females. The mean age of infected hemodialysis group, non-infected hemodialysis group, and healthy controls were 50. 8 ± 16. 25, 49. 1 ± 18. 1, and 56. 3 ± 18. 2 years, respectively. Catheter site infection (37. 3%) and urinary tract infection (30. 2%) were the most common infections. The mean serum zinc concentration was significantly lower in the infected patients, compared to non-infected patients and healthy individuals (P < 0. 001). Conclusion: The ESRD patients on hemodialysis have lower serum zinc levels which are associated with increased risk of bacterial infection. The role of screening for zinc deficiency and use of supplemental zinc in these patients need to be studied.

Purpose: To evaluate the awareness of non-urological doctors for their role in evaluating prostate cancer (Pca) in scientific manner which may be a possible probability for late diagnosis of Pca. Materials and Methods: A total of 936 non-urological specialists working in 1 university and 4 education and research hospital who were able to evaluate male patients over 50 years of age were included to the survey. A face to face questionnaire had been administered to all participants. Results: A total of 92 (9. 8%) participants were evaluating prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level to all their elderly male patients while 404 (43. 2%) participants had never made this evaluation. Among the participants who were evaluating PSA, none was performing an informed decision making consult and even they did not have any idea about the meaning of this strategy. About the criteria for urological consultation, 56 (6%) reported that they consult all their elderly male patients, whereas 880 (94%) answered that they perform consultation if their patients has sought help for any urological symptom. Conclusion: Urologists must remind the non-urological specialists that their approaches to Pca evaluation may change mortality rates of this disease and give them proper information about the scientific evaluation of Pca. This may help us to decrease the mortality rates of Pca.

This study investigated the relationships among perfectionism, writing anxiety and writing achievement among Iranian EFL learners. To this end, a sample of 402 second year undergraduate students of English filled out the perfectionism and writing anxiety questionnaires. Students’ writing achievement was also obtained through their final writing scores at the end of the semester. In the first stage of data analysis, the results of descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression indicated that from among the three types of perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism is the best predictor of writing anxiety. Writing anxiety, self-oriented perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism were found to be significant predictors of writing achievement respectively. In the second stage of data analysis, a hypothetical model of the relationship between the variables was proposed based on the findings of the first phase. The results of path analysis revealed that despite the existence of a significant relationship between each pair of variables, the proposed model did not enjoy sufficiently high goodness of fit as a whole. Implications of the findings for teaching second language writing and EFL teacher education are discussed.

Background and Purpose: The acquisition of social skills from childhood is essential for constructive interaction with others and optimal social adjustment. One of the effective ways to teach these skills is role-playing method. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of role-playing teaching on self-esteem and adaptation of female elementary school students.Method: The method of this study was experimental. The statistical population of this study included all 3rd to 5th grade elementary girls from Khalkhal city in the academic year 2016-2017. In the screening stage, based on the required score inself-esteem questionnaire (Cooper Smith, 1967) and adjustment inventory questionnaire (Sinha & Singh, 1993), among 308 students (178), 30 were selected by random cluster sampling method. They were randomly divided into experimental and control groups (15 subjects in each group).Results: The results of univariate covariance analysis showed that role-playing method has a significant effect on self-esteem and adjustment of students (p<0.001). The results of multivariate analysis of covariance showed that education through role play has a significant effect on each components of self-esteem (general, family, educational, and social) and adjustement (emotional, social, and academic) (p<0.001).Conclusion: The role-playing by providing an enjoyable environment for learning, increases self-esteem and adjustment of students, and providing them with the opportunity to use the learned skills in the real-life environments.

Attaining wellbeing and promoting standards of citizen's life are among the pillars of national security of countries since a long time ago, and success of governments in achieving this goal is interpreted as one of their power elements, in a manner that guarantee of social member’s survival and achieving good and happy life are counted as among the major mission of governments. In the present research, besides the review of literature about wellbeing, promoting national wellbeing has been considered from perspective of improvement of public service qualities and good governance. Research methodology includes both descriptive and correlation analysis based on Structural Equation Modeling. The data were collected by means of documents and libraries studies. The research results indicated that improvement of good governance components result in national wellbeing promotion. Meanwhile, promoting good governance paves the way for wellbeing promotion in quantities direction such as gross domestic product, education, research, health, etc. and qualitative direction such as happiness. In other words, promoting good governance has dual objectives such as improvement of quantitative indexes like national product and growth of qualitative indexes such as decrease of social costs of economic growth, safeguarding resources for future and stability of growth.