Background and Aim: There are different methods of oral health education for child population. Theater show is a method that has not received enough attention until now. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using theater show on dental health education in Yazd female elementary students.Materials and Methods: This was a quasi experimental study performed by using pre- and post-test method in Iran over the year 2004. One elementary school from each region of the city was selected. Twenty students from each grade of each school were included in the study (n=200). The information on knowledge, attitudes and practice of oral health were collected by using a valid and reliable questionnaire before and after theater show performance. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Wilcoxon signed rank test.Results: This study showed that the theater show could improve knowledge, attitude and proper oral health practice of children. The effect of the theater show on knowledge was more than attitude and was more on attitude than practice (P<0.001). Only literacy on the part of mothers was significantly correlated with practice (P=0.021). There were significant correlations between Knowledge (P=0.020), Attitude (P=0.0001) and oral health Practice (P=0.022) with students' grade level.Conclusion: This study showed that using theater show for oral health education, could improve the oral health related knowledge, attitude and proper oral health practice by elementary school students.

Introduction: role modeling is the essence of teacing and an effective teaching method in medical education, particularly in nursing education. role modeling and mentoring in teaching and learning are two very useful strategies in clinical education, have key role. Therefore, the introduction of new teaching methods and use them as discipline to achieve maximum efficiency in medical knowledge seems necessary. This study is an overview of the role modleling and mentoring in nursing and particularly its application in nursing education has been done.Methods: Details of this study was to review and summarize the review of relevant literature and through targeted searches of library and electronic resources in the database Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, SID, Iran Medex, Magiran with keywords, role-modeling, Mentor, Mentoring and nursing education in Persian and English separately and in combination were obtained and related articles of the present study were examined. Papers from 1990 to 2014 were studied. Papers were initially about 80 to about 50 articles from the literature related to the present study were reviewed.Result: In this review article Angles, Characteristics, differences and different dimensions of two educational programs Mentoring and role modeling was expressed and Important aspect of education, clinical, knowledge, with emphasis on nursing profession from the perspective of different studies was examined. role modeling has impact in theoretical instruction also, it is used in the clinical setting. role modeling in education cause promoting in professional job of students and an acceptable strategy for transforming attitudes and professional behaviors of nursing students. in contrast, Mentoring is an active process and many faculty members have active responsibility to serve as the Mentor in clinical education.Conclusion: Mentoring in nursing is a process that fills the gap between education and the real world of work. role modeling as an appropriate and reflective learning strategies. Both of these programs have a valuable role in nurse job satisfaction. Therefore, knowledge of educational approaches and factors that may affect it, is important for instructional designers and instructors.

Introduction: New neurons are constantly created in specific areas of the adult brain and functionally integrated into neuronal networks. Neural stem cells exist in specific microenvironments in the brain called the stem cell niches. It has been shown that neurotransmitters provide vital components of the niche signals and modulate several aspects of neurogenesis. It has been demonstrated that changes in neurotransmitter signaling may influence adult neurogenesis. Further works are required to clarify how neurotransmitter signaling pathways control neurogenesis.Conclusion: In this review, we discuss how neurotransmitter signaling regulates the development of new functional neurons. We also review the potential roles of neurotransmitters for cell therapy.

Epigenetics is defined as heritable changes that affect gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is facilitated through different mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and RNA-associated silencing by small non-coding RNAs. All these mechanisms are crucial for normal development, differentiation and tissue-specific gene expression. These three systems interact and stabilize one another and can initiate and sustain epigenetic silencing, thus determining heritable changes in gene expression. Histone acetylation regulates diverse cellular functions including inflammatory gene expression, DNA repair and cell proliferation. Transcriptional coactivators possess intrinsic histone acetyltransferase activity and this activity drives inflammatory gene expression.Eleven classical histone deacetylases (HDACs) act to regulate the expression of distinct subsets of inflammatory/immune genes. Thus, loss of HDAC activity or the presence of HDAC inhibitors can further enhance inflammatory gene expression by producing a gene-specific change in HAT activity. For example, HDAC2 expression and activity are reduced in lung macrophages, biopsy specimens, and blood cells from patients with severe asthma and smoking asthmatics, as well as in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This may account, at least in part, for the enhanced inflammation and reduced steroid responsiveness seen in these patients. Other proteins, particularly transcription factors, are also acetylated and are targets for deacetylation by HDACs and sirtuins, a related family of 7 predominantly protein deacetylases. Thus the acetylation/deacetylation status of NF-kB and the glucocorticoid receptor can also affect the overall expression pattern of inflammatory genes and regulate the inflammatory response. Understanding and targeting specific enzymes involved in this process might lead to new therapeutic agents, particularly in situations in which current antiinflammatory therapies are suboptimal.