Background: Hyperlipidemia and its related complications are among the most frequent problems during the menopause. Controversies have arisen regarding the effects of hormone replacement therapy on serum lipids during the menopause, so the present study was conducted over the menopausal women referring to the hospitals of Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in 1998-99.Materials and methods: 40 menopausal females ahd entered this clinical trial. Including criteria were: non-obesity (BMI<30), normal uterus, blood pressure<160/90mnHg, no previous history of diabetes, hypothyroidism, renal failure, acute liver disease, and breast cancer. Meanwhile, candidates should have no obligation for estrogen-therapy (such as thrombophlebitis, ...). 8cc blood sample was obtained for FSH, FBS, LFT, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL, and LDL measurement. FSH was measured through radioimmunoassay and lipid parameters were determined enzymatically. Hormone replacement therapy was administered for 3 months as below: conjugated estrogen 0.625mg/d, first to 25th day of each menstrual cycle as well as medroxyprogestrone acetate 10mg/d, 15thto 25th day of each menstrual cycle. Then, blood samples were obtained and lipidemic parameters were determined and compared with the previous results.Results: The mean age (±SD) of the candidates was 53.9±2.83 and the mean age of menopausal was 51.9±1.45 years. Serum cholesterol level was reported 197.4±37.9 mg/dl before the hormone replacement therapy, but was decreased by 17% (162.4±31.5mg/dl) after that (p<0.001). However, HDL level has shown 14.91% increase after the therapy (50.3±12.2 vs. 57.8±14.5 mg/dl). Meanwhile, LDL and triglyceride levels have shown 21.4% and 9.56% reduction following the procedure (124.5±44.5 vs. 97.8±34.3 mg/dl, and 163.4±55.98 vs. 147.7±52.47 mg/dl, respectively, p<0.001).Conclusion: Hormone replacement therapy could reduce serum lipid level in menopausal females. Another study regarding the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy on hyperlipidemic menopausal females is strongly recommended.

Female sex hormones are thought to be important in the histological and functional maintenance of the genitourinary tract. Estrogen deficiency after menopause may be related to urinary symptoms. Postmenopausal atrophic changes cause genital and urinary deterioration and reduce sexual health, resulting in an overactive bladder. Ovariectomized virgin rats appear to be an optimal postmenopausal animal model, as they are free of the confounding effects of delivery and advancing age. Although the exact mechanisms of postmenopausal bladder dysfunction are undetermined, decreased vascularity has been introduced as the primary event resulting in atrophy, with possible underlying mechanisms, which can explain bladder dysfunction. Local administration of estrogen seems to be effective in the management of urinary symptoms in postmenopausal women, and this route of administration has the advantage of alleviating the adverse side effects of systemic replacement.

Background: Since time of menopause is influenced by a variety of racial, environmental, and physiological factors, determining age at natural menopause and its main indicators seems to be necessary. The present study attempted to determine average age at menopause and its main predictors among Iranian women.Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was carried out on 400 post-menopausal women aged 43 to 65 years attending the health centers in Hamadan, Hamadan Province, Iran, during 2013. Due to potential effects of oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on age of menopause, we considered two groups of women with and without OCP use using cluster sampling method. Data were collected through individual interviews at the health centers.Results: The findings showed significant univariate relationships between age at menopause with some baseline variables including mother’s age at menopause (p<0.001), mother and spouse with high educational level (p<0.001), passive cigarette smoking (p<0.001), weekly physical activity (p<0.001), and high family income (p<001). Adversely, smoking was associated with early menopause.Conclusion: The postmenopausal women doing intense weekly physical activity, having mothers with late menopause, having higher monthly income, and experiencing later-age pregnancy are likely to reach menopause later than their contemporaries, while smokers have an early menopause.