Fluctuations in the meteorological variables such as: temperature, precipitation, is one of the atmospheric circulation characteristics. Meanwhile, the sharp decrease of precipitation and dry periods caused by that has many negative effects on water resources. Climatic fluctuating in a region has severe effect on soil and water resources. Nowadays, generally it has been accepted that any change in climate system is important in the water and soil resources management. Among the climate elements, precipitation has the most fluctuation; this matter especially in Iran that the average rainfall is 250 mm is more importance. Drought and wet periods, especially drought period has been affected the kaju watershed for a long time; and because of its long durability has been exposed to a lot of damages and injuries. The purpose of this article is Investigation of temperature, precipitation and discharge change trend the basin watershed a period of 20 years. Mann-Kndall parametric test was used to determine trend parametric. The results show precipitation decrease trend, temperature is ascendant trend and discharge River region is decrease trend.

Background: Majority of the post-harvest agri-residues from agricultural activity in Punjab, India, is burnt in the field resulting in the loss of soil fertility and release of large amounts of air pollutants. In an effort to reutilize the selenium-accumulated waste wheat and paddy straw from seleniferous region of Punjab, two varieties of edible mushrooms, Pleurotus sajor-kaju and Volvariella volvacea, were cultivated on Se-rich wheat and paddy straw, respectively.Results: Se concentration in Se-enriched P. sajor-kaju and V. volvacea (43.5±2.1 and 35.0±1.1 mg/g) was significantly higher than control (5.2±1.0 and 5.57±0.07 mg/ g), respectively. The antioxidant activity as depicted by total phenol content, total oxidant activity, DPPH scavenging, metal chelation and lipid peroxidation inhibiting activity of extracts from Se-fortified mushrooms were significantly higher (p<0.05 to p<0.001) than control mushrooms.Conclusion: The increased antioxidant activity is attributed to be induced by the accumulation of selenium by these species of mushrooms, indicating the antioxidant nature of selenium in biological systems. Further, the present study also demonstrates the use of Se accumulated agricultural residues as substrates for producing Se-rich mushrooms as potential sources for Se supplementation/nutraceutical applications.

Introduction: The mugger crocodile is one of the most vulnerable species in the recent IUCN Red list classification. Most of the populations of the species are in decline and extirpation due to the threats caused by human activities. Nowadays, species distribution modeling plays an essential role in their conservational biology and ecological studies. However, considering the lack of such data on the mugger crocodile in Iran, this study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of the crocodile habitats in the country. Material and methods: The watersheds of the Sarbaz and kaju rivers in the Makran area are the westernmost part of the distribution range of the mugger crocodile, located in the southern part of Sistan and Baluchestan Province. Modeling the suitability of the crocodile habitats in this area was conducted using maximum entropy. The environmental variables of elevation, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), temperature, rainfall, and the distance from urban and rural settlements, roads, and rivers were included in the study. To eliminate high correlation variables (<0. 70), Pearson correlation test was used. By using Moran’ s I, the lack of spatial autocorrelation between the presence data of the species was assured. Sensitivity and evaluation of the relative importance of each variable were done by the percent contribution and permutation importance of each variable. Also, the response curves of the variables and the jackknife test were calculated. Maximum training sensitivity plus specificity (MTSS) and equal training sensitivity and specificity (ETSS) were used as thresholds to classify the suitable regions. Results and discussion: The amount of AUC was more than 0. 8, indicating excellent performance of the model. Based on the percent of contribution and permutation importance of each variable and the results of the jackknife test, the distance from the rivers, temperature and elevation were the most important variables. The threshold values of ETSS and MTSS were 0. 52 and 0. 18, respectively. According to the thresholds, the suitability of the habitat was classified into two suitable and unsuitable classes with an area of 312 and 1629 km2, respectively. Comparison of the thresholds in classification showed that ETSS is more accurate. Considering that the major part of the suitable habitats is located outside of the Gandou Protected Area, revision of the borders of the protected area is proposed as a suggestion for management for the conservation of this species. The study of the effect of dams on the crocodile habitat suitability in the area showed that dams increased the habitat suitability, but their negative impacts, like the loss of nesting sites, should be noted. Also, the fragmentation of the suitable habitats was obvious in the study, and considering the migration behavior of the species, corridors should also be included in conservation plans. Conclusion: Distance from the river, as the main variable determining the suitability of the mugger crocodile habitat, is affected by climatic fluctuations and the water amount. Conflicts between the crocodiles and local people for resources (water and food) as well as the immigration of crocodiles between separate habitat patches would be more severe in the warm seasons and drought situations. Therefore, in addition to revising the area of the protected area and conservation of the habitats, increasing species monitoring, public education and participation of local communities in the conservation actions would be essential.