Objective: Osseous defects arounddental implants are often seen when implants are placed in areas with inadequate alveolar bone, or around failing implants. Bone regenera-tion in these areas using bone grafts or its substitutes may improve dental implants prog-nosis. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterize the bioactive glass nanopow-der and development of its coating for treatment of oral bone defects. Materials and Methods: Bioactive bioglass coating was made on stainless steel plates by sol-gel technique. The powder shape and size was evaluated by transmission electron mi-cropscopy, and thermal properties studied using differential thermal analysis (DTA). Structural characterization techniques (XRD) were used to analyze and study the structure and phase present in the prepared bioactive glass nanopowder. This nanopowder was immersed in the simulated body fluid (SBF) solution. Fourier transform infrared spec-troscopy (FTIR) was utilized to recognize and confirm the formation of apatite layer on prepared bioactive glass nanopowder. Results: The bioglass powder size was less than 100 nanometers which was necessary for better bioactivity, and preparing a homogeneous coating. The formation of apatite layer confirmed the bioactivity of the bioglass nanopowder. Crack-free and homogeneous bioglass coatings were achieved with no observable defects. Conclusion: It was concluded that the prepared bioactive glass nanopowder could be more effective as a bone replacement material than conventional bioactive glass to pro-mote bone formation in osseous defects. The prepared bioactive glass nanopowder could be more useful for treatment of oral bone defects compare to conventional hydroxyapatite or bioactive glass.

Because of the outbreak of diseases such as AIDS which are followed, as compared by defects causing cancellation of marriage such as insanity, by serious losses, some questions arise: May suffering contagious and fatal diseases such as AIDS and hepatitis be considered as one of the defects causing cancellation of marriage? And may the spouses be allowed to cancel the contract of marriage because of such a defect or have we, as is well-known in jurisprudence, to limit defects causing cancellation to some particular ones among which are not AIDS and the like? And is the wife who cannot benefit the right of divorce forced to live all her life with a sick man? Or, proving distress and constriction or harm, may she apply for divorce? (To apply for divorce takes, of course, long time). Referring to the previous studies, the present writing makes clear that the argument for limitation of defects causing cancellation of marriage may be criticized; and in addition to the rules of no harm and no distress (which have been referred to in the previous studies), other arguments may be appealed to according to which defect causing cancellation of marriage are not restricted to those mentioned in the texts.

Background & Objective: To train specialists in infectious diseases, a comprehensive and responsive curriculum to community needs is essential. We checked the infectious diseases residency curriculum in Iran and comprised it with same curricula of other country with the aim of identifying the defects.Methods: This descriptive-comparative study had three steps. First, researchers studied the infectious diseases curriculum of Iran. Then, the same curricula in some other countries were extracted and finally, information such as mission and goals, type and duration of postgraduate training and rotations, teaching strategies and approaches, and amount of elective courses were compared within these curricula.Results: In Iran, the curricula of postgraduate courses for all medical universities are formulated by Ministry of Health. There are many similarities between infectious diseases residency curriculum of Iranian universities and other countries; but in many countries, it is offered in fellowship courses. In Iranian domestic curriculum, learning objectives, themes and subthemes, assessment methods blueprint, and rotational period details are not mentioned. However, other issues such as the epidemiology and health issues are considered in the short-term courses. Based on domestic curriculum, resident cannot be selectively trained in any course, or procedure. Most of the instructional content of curriculum was organized by topics.Conclusion: Policy makers in Iranian Ministry of Health should attend internal consistency of infectious diseases residency curriculum considering other trainee levels curricula and utilize exclusive subject-based models in curriculum formulation to promote education in this field.

Casings collapse causes the increase of costs to oil and gas production companies, every year. This problem can be seen not only at drilling time in some formations but also it can cause problems after the completion and exploitation. Accurate predict of collapse pressure is a very important factor in the design of the casing. Casing collapse generally is a function of the geomechanical properties of the formation and the properties of the solid mechanics of the casings. Some of the properties of solid mechanics that are effective on the casings collapse are the ovality of the casing, the difference in the thickness of the casing and the existence of residual stress during the construction of the casing. In this research, the effects of formation creep and the pipe construction defects on the collapse of the casing through numerical methods have been investigated. The results of this study indicate that the pipe construction defects, such as casing ovality and eccentricity reduce the strength of the casing.

Background and Aim: Hyper-Immunoglobulin M (IgM) syndrome (HIGM) is a rare primary immunodeficiency in which defective B-cell isotype switching results in a phenotype characterized by elevated or normal serum IgM levels and low levels of other Ig classes, leading to an increased susceptibility to infection, neutropenia, autoimmune disorders, and malignancies. In this disease, a mutation occurs in the CD40 gene, leading to combined B-cell and T-cell immunodeficiencies. The oral manifestations include wound-like lesions, oral candidiasis, gingivitis, periodontitis, and enamel defects. Theoretically, systemic conditions affecting ameloblastic activity during enamel mineralization, such as abnormal oxygen levels resulting from hypoventilation in various respiratory diseases, result in enamel defects. Case presentation: We report a 10-year-old male with hyper-IgM immunodeficiency. The patient had suffered from frequent infections, respiratory problems, and bronchopneumonia from the age of 2 years. At 4 years of age, type 1 diabetes mellitus was diagnosed. During dental examinations, enamel defects were found in seven permanent teeth. Conclusion: A meticulous dental evaluation of children with systemic diseases is mandatory in order to discover possible developmental dental defects and to plan early interventions.

Background: Different methods including primary closure as well as omental and serosal patches have been used for repair of large duodenal defects. More recently, synthetic polytetraflouroethylene has been tried for this purpose. The aim of this experimental study was to investigate the result of PTFE (Gore-Tex) soft tissue patches in comparison to jejunal serosal patches in the repair of large duodenal defects in dogs. Materials and Methods: Twenty cross-breed dogs with a mean weight of 18 kilograms were randomly divided into two groups each comprising ten dogs. A large duodenal defect of about 50 percent of the duodenal diameter was created in the second part of duodenum of the dogs. In the first group, the defects were repaired by serosal patches and in the other group by Gor-Tex. The effectiveness of jejunal serosal patch and PIFE patch repair techniques was compared. Results: No significant survival benefit was observed between the two groups. In the Gore-Tex group, the whole grafted area was almost completely covered by the mucosa and the Gore-Tex was rejected at the end of the sixth week. In the serosal patch group, mucosa also covered the area with a smaller villous. No obstruction or leakage was found in both groups except one case in the PIFE group. Conclusion: The use of PIFE is an easy and reliable method. PIFE patches can be used in the repair of large duodenal defects which cannot be repaired primarily.

Software defects detection is one of the most important challenges of software development and it is the most prohibitive process in software development. The early detection of fault-prone modules helps software project managers to allocate the limited cost, time, and effort of developers for testing the defect-prone modules more intensively. In this paper, according to the importance of software defects detection, a method based on fuzzy sets and evolutionary algorithms is proposed. Due to the imbalanced nature of software defect detection datasets, benefits of fuzzy clustering algorithms were used to data sampling and more attention to the minority class. This method is a combined algorithm which, firstly has used fuzzy c-mean clustering as weighted bootstrap sampling. Weight of data (their membership’ s degrees) increases for minority class. In the next step, the subtractive clustering algorithm is applied to produce the classifier which was trained by produced data in the previous step. The binary genetic algorithm was utilized to select appropriate features. The results and also comparisons with eight popular methods in software defect detection literature, show an acceptable performance of the proposed method. The experiments were performed on ten real-world datasets with a wide range of data sizes and imbalance rates. Also T-test is used as the statistical significance test for pair wise comparison of our proposed method against the others. The final results of T-test are shown in tables for three performance measures (G-mean, AUC and Balanced) over various datasets. (As the obtained results apparently show our proposed method has the ability to improve three aforementioned performance criteria simultaneously). Some methods just have improved the G-mean measure while the AUC and Balance criteria have lower values than the others. Securing a high level of three performance measures simultaneously illustrates the ability of our proposed algorithm for handling the imbalance problem of software defects detection datasets.

defects in Properties of wood are used as common indicators for grading logs. In this study, the logs of various woody species from ten different forestry projects have been evaluated based on their measured defects.The results of this study showed that the average diameter of acceptable knot for the first 3 meters of the trunks was 2.8 cm for maple (the least value) and 7 cm for hornbeam (the highest value), respectively. Moreover, the knotless portion of the first 10-meter-Iong trunks was 12.2, 32.4 and 20 percent for hornbeam, elm and beech, respectively. As for pith decay of trunk, the least and the highest values were 56 and 84 percent which were associated with maple and elm, respectively. As for trunks with bent defect, oak and basswood showed the lowest value (7 percent), while hornbeam showed the highest value (18 percent). This value for beech was about 10 percent. Bole taper (decrease of bole diameter of less than 2 cm per meter of length) was 65 percent in maple (the lowest value), and 96 percent in oak (the highest value). This value for beech was 75 percent. The lowest and highest values for defect of interlocked fibers were observed in boles of alder (68 percent) and oak (91 percent), respectively. The percentage of boles with interlocked fibers for beech was 89 percent. As for trunk with irregular annual ring, it was shown that hornbeam had the lowest value (82 percent). However, 94 percent of the other woody species didn't show such a defect. Finally, the lowest and highest percentage values for trunks with abnormal annual rings were 16.1 and 24.3 for oak and elm species, respectively.

The diagnosis of intrauterine conditions that may cause infertility is generally made by hysterosalpingography (HSG). Herein, we are presenting seven hysterosalpingographically-proven patients of Developmental Uterine Cavity defects. We believed that some of developmental defects of this uterine cavity have not been addressed in preceding medical texts. Accurate diagnosis and reports of such cases are important not only for the benefit of treatment, but also to reflect the true incidence of these anomalies and to consolidate embryologic concept. The presented anomalies included "flying bird" uterus, "wine-glass-shaped" uterus, "buffalo head" uterus, "heart-shaped" uterus, "phantom-shaped" uterus, "candle light" uterus, and "jackal-shaped" uterus.The presented cases belonged to many years before, thus they were not evaluated by recently- developed advanced diagnostic modalities.