Background: Studies have shown that family caregivers of hemodialysis patients experience high levels of burden. However, these caregivers are often neglected, and no studies are available on the effectiveness of coping strategies on the burden of care among these caregivers.Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies (communication skills, anger management, and deep breathing) on the burden on caregivers of hemodialysis patients.Patients and Methods: A randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 76 family caregivers of hemodialysis patients referred to Shahid Hasheminejad hemodialysis center in Tehran, Iran. The subjects were equally allocated into two groups of 38. Through a coin-tossing method, caregivers of patients who referred on even or odd days of the week were randomly assigned into the intervention group or the control group, respectively. The intervention group received four training sessions on problem-focused coping strategies, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Both groups answered the caregiver’s burnout inventory at the start and six weeks after the last educational session. Descriptive statistics, chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, independent-samples t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the data.Results: The majority of caregivers (54%) were in the age range of 35 - 55 years, female (68.4%), and married (70%). No significant difference was found between the baseline mean caregivers’ burden scores of the intervention and control groups (88.56±11.74 vs.84.97±15.13, P=0.308). However, the mean caregivers’ burden in the intervention group decreased, and the two groups were significantly different at the end of the study (58.77±6.64 vs.87.84±11.74, P<0.001).Conclusions: The current study showed the effectiveness of problem-focused coping strategies on reducing the burden on caregivers of hemodialysis patients. Authorities and policymakers in the healthcare system are responsible for developing strategies to integrate educational programs, such as the program implemented in the current study, into the country’s healthcare system.

Background & Aims: Negative Affect is an action occurring when an individual is involved in a mutual interaction, triggered by verbal and non-verbal power in order to make the person to comply with the orders and ultimately, it accompanies with gaining benefits. Negative Affect in workplace in recent years has drawn lots of attention because it results in serious consequences for the individuals and the goals of the organization. For this reason, Negative Affect is viewed as one of the severe forms of organizational and interpersonal misbehaviors in organizational environments. Of such Negative Affect behaviors, we can mention some passive behaviors like: negligence, intentional inattention and active behaviors such as: overt and covert threat. Negative Affect at workplace lowers the staff’, s efficiency and performance in the organization since this phenomenon is associated with job dissatisfaction, anxiety, depression, burnout and reduced job commitment. Of course, being exposed to bullying is viewed as a critical source of stress. On the one hand, one of the outcomes of bullying is psychosomatic complaint originating from psychological processes of human beings. Negative Affect is also characterized as a threating factor to the nurses’,health in hospital settings. The findings of a study revealed that by strengthening resilience and hope, it’, s viable to control the consequences of encountering bullying on the psychosomatic health of the nurses. As the conducted studies suggest, various factors such as: lack of understanding among fellows and manager, personality traits, major changes in practice bring about bullying. The research by Johnson et al. (2019) suggested that Negative Affect outbreak is high among nurses and as Negative Affect increases, the quality of care provided by the nurses decreases and client’, s safety declines and job burnout increases. Since one of the tasks in this profession is to maximally maintain people’, s health, thus the nursing staff have to be equipped with maximum level of health. In particular, due to the nature of the ward, the nursing working in special wards are more exposed to the situations like the patients on the verge of death, emergencies and unpredictable conditions, noisy monitoring equipment and conducting clinical and drug administration processes with advanced and efficient devices. Despite the studies performed about hospital workplace related Negative Affect, nothing as exclusive has been discovered so far dealing with bullying association with special wards’,nurses’,mental health. This gap emphasizes the necessity for further studying. Consequently, the current study has been designed and performed pursuing the goal to outline the relationship between Negative Affect and special wards’,nurses’,mental health in the educational hospitals affiliated with MazandaranUniversity of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study is a descriptive-analytical research done as cross-sectional in 2020. The statistical community is made up of all (ICUs, CCUs and dialysis wards) nurses from five educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. The nurses were selected through proportional and simple random methods, which overall resulted in 195 nurses. The data collection consisted of three questionnaires as the demographics, bullying and mental health. A) The demographics questionnaire including age, gender, hospital, marital status, job status and working history. B) Bullying (Negative Affect) questionnaire developed in 2001 and psychometrically assessed in Iran by Salimi et al. (2017). C) General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) was developed in 1972 and psychometrically assessed by Tehrani et al. (2011) in Iran and its reliability was reported as 0. 93 using Alpha-Cronbach. The ethical considerations observed in the present research involved not requiring the name to be mentioned in the questionnaires, giving the samples information about the research objectives and the optional participation in the study. Having acquired the permit from Ethics Committee of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, the questionnaires were distributed in Google Form in the social networks of the nurses in the study hospitals and after completing and collecting the questionnaires, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS-21 and descriptive statistics indices (frequency distribution tables, mean and standard deviation) and and correlation coefficient (predicting the random variable in terms of another variable) was analyzed. Results: The mean and the standard deviation of Negative Affect imposed on the CCU nurses got the max score as 62. 53±, 14. 90 and that of the ICU nurses got the min score as 55. 68±, 15. 77 and 72. 6% of the participants were exposed to moderate rate of bullying. The mean and standard deviation of the mental health of the CCU nurses got the max score as 33. 03 ±, 8. 09 and that of the dialysis wards’,nurses got the min score as 29. 11±, 2. 61. Regarding the subscales of the General Health Questionnaire, the social area with a frequency of 93% was identified as the most prevalent disorder and depression with a frequency of 1. 6% was detected as the least common disorder. According to the study findings, a significant positive correlation was discovered between Negative Affect and its dimensions and mental health and its dimensions (P≤, 0. 00). Besides, in some cases, the correlation between the mental health dimensions and Negative Affect each other was achieved as poor: the correlation coefficient with social area was gained as 0. 875 and with depression area as 0. 225. Conclusion: The positive correlation between Negative Affect and mental health indicates that as bullying score increases, the nurses' mental health decreases. Moreover, the findings revealed that the mental health of women and single individuals is more exposed to danger. Since one of the obligations in this profession is to maintain and promote people’, s health, then the nursing staff have to be at the maximum level of health so that to be less affected by the consequences of this phenomenon when facing Negative Affect. Therefore, it’, s imperative for the medical health system management to develop some programs to lower Negative Affect in nurses’,workplace environment. Regarding the significant relationship existing between Negative Affect and mental health, it can be inferred that by workplace bullying increases, the individuals’,mental health gets impaired. According to the study derived findings about the mental health of women and single individuals, it’, s recommended to screen the organizational Negative Affect behavior in the professional health services of the organization, or to develop on-the-job training courses or some courses during their studies at university to increase their mental health and preparedness for Negative Affect behaviors among this group of people so that to be equipped with favorable mental health when encountered with Negative Affect behaviors. Moreover, to determine the proposed approaches’,effectiveness, it’, s imperative to develop and conduct an intervention study. Of the present study limitations, we can report lack of controlling the confounding factors of Covid-19 pandemic effect on nurses’,mental health which results in being cautious about generalizing and interpreting the study findings. Therefore, it’, s required to perform extensive studies about Negative Affect and mental health of the nurses in other province located hospitals and also employ other tools such as qualitative approaches like interview in order to boost the accuracy of post-Covid-19 pandemic study findings.

Background: Social workers have previously been identified as being at risk of experiencing fatigue, stress and burnout. Social work is strongly client-based, with workers being involved in complex social situations. As such, they can experience many of the conflicts that are evident in human service work. In addition, the last decade has seen a transformation in the nature and practice of social work, as a result of administrative, societal, and political change. A number of writers have commented that much of what is known about stress and burnout among social workers is anecdotal and there is a lack of systematic research findings on this subject. Fatigue is generally defined as a sense of persistent tiredness or exhaustion that is often distressing to the individual. It is a common subjective complaint among formal caregivers. Accordingly, the etiology of fatigue is believed to be multifactorial. Fatigue is often described by those who experience it in terms of physical, mental, and emotional tiredness. These sensations may be sufficiently consistent as to be characterized as unidimensional or, conversely, as sufficiently distinct in their expression as to be characterized as different dimensions of fatigue. This multidimensional characterization of fatigue is evidenced by the large number and variety of multidimensional fatigue measures currently available. The psychological consequences of providing social support and care to traumatized individuals have been under study for over 2 decades; however, few studies have focused on formal caregivers (i. e., therapists, child protection workers, nurses, social workers, etc. ) and their emotional response to dealing with traumatized clients. Studies have shown that providing such care can be both highly rewarding and highly stressful. Individuals working in the care-giving professions, though, may have occupational environments and caregiving demands that increase the likelihood of adverse psychological outcomes Theoretically, individuals working in the caring professions often attempt to alter the behaviors and emotions of their clients by providing emotional support (e. g., empathy), strategies for coping with emotions, or better cognitive management skills. Within the context of formal caregiving, providing therapy to clients who have survived a traumatic event can be particularly stressful. Many researchers have indicated that therapists who work with traumatized clients often show signs of psychological distress as a result of these interactions. The adverse impact of working with clients who have a history of psychological trauma (e. g., sexual and physical abuse, military combat, or community disaster) has been described under a variety of terms: vicarious traumatization, secondary traumatic stress, and fatigue. Method: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive study that examines multidimensional fatigue in Iranian social workers. This study was conducted from July to November, 2019. The statistical population of the study consisted of all those working in the field of social work in Iranian governmental and non-governmental organizations who were employed at the time of the study. Sampling was done by available method and snowball. A total of 334 people participated in the study. In the present study, the MFI standard questionnaire was used to measure fatigue, which is recognized as one of the most effective and most complete multidimensional fatigue measuring tools. A review of the literature and a history of applying the MFI questionnaire indicate that numerous studies have been carried out worldwide using the above-mentioned questionnaire. This questionnaire provides a deeper and more accurate understanding of a person's fatigue by assessing the extent of general fatigue, physical fatigue, reduced activity, reduced arousal, and mental fatigue. In fact, the MFI measures fatigue in the way that a person feels. General physical exhaustion is related to one's overall day-to-day functions, physical exhaustion is related to physical sensation that is directly related to exhaustion, mental exhaustion is associated with reduced cognitive skills, reduced daily activity, and reduced activity and routine activity. Reduction of motivation refers to a decrease or lack of motivation to start any activity. This questionnaire is applicable to the population of patients and healthy people and consists of 20 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1 = yes completely right to 5 = completely wrong). Ultimately, higher scores indicate a higher degree of fatigue. It is noteworthy that four questions were considered for each dimension and simultaneously positive and negative orientations were used to reduce the likelihood of bias. The total score for each dimension is 4– 20 and the total fatigue score which is achieved by summing the scores of the areas is between 20 – 100. This questionnaire was first presented by Smiths in 1996, and its validity and reliability in different groups of cognitive populations, such as patients with cancer who were undergoing radiotherapy, patients with concomitant fatigue syndrome, first-year psychology and medical students, soldiers, and third-year medical students were evaluated. Alpha-Cronbach's coefficient was higher than 80% for general, physical and mental fatigue and above 65% for reduced activity and excitement. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for this study was 69%. Demographic characteristics of the sample members including age, education, marital status, work experience, place of work, etc. were collected through a separate questionnaire and a sample questionnaire along with the main questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared electronically and sent to social workers working in different fields via SMS, email, questionnaire link sharing in social worker social media groups and channels. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 22 using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests. Results: The age of participants was 21 to 62 years with a mean and standard deviation of 38. 91± 23. 82. 84 (25. 1%) participants were male and 250 (74. 9%) were female. The mean and standard deviation of the fatigue score was 62. 72± 4. 9. Mental fatigue and reduced motivation with a mean of 12. 8 were the highest among the dimensions of fatigue. 66. 8% of participants reported too much fatigue. 32. 9% had moderate fatigue and only 0. 3% had no fatigue. The results of mean comparison showed that the mean score of fatigue of social workers in social services area (welfare organization, charity associations and hospitals) was higher than other areas. Age group 56-62 reported higher mean fatigue than other age groups. Social workers with more than 30 years of experience also reported greater job fatigue than others. The results of mean comparisons showed that the mean of fatigue dimensions was different in the different domains (Chi-Square = 6. 806 sig = 0. 047), in the different age groups (Chi-Square = 1. 715 sig=0. 034) and in individuals with different work experience (Chi-Square= 0. 861 sig=0. 035). Discussion: Due to the nature of the social work profession, employment in different workplaces creates different levels of fatigue for social workers. . Therefore, the fatigue caused by employment in this profession is inevitable, and training self-care practices and the ability to change and rotate in different areas of work for social workers can reduce the effects of job fatigue. Making sense of a career and reviewing the reasons for being a social worker are some of the things that can reduce job fatigue. Developing a personal philosophy that guides the thinking and practice of social work will also be effective.

Health economics is a branch of economics science and has a great share in the economic situation of countries. Hospitals, as the largest, main and most important center for providing health care, occupy a large part of the resources, so the information related to costs in hospitals is one of the most important inputs in the decision making process. Today, costs are rising, so if hospitals do not work to increase their own revenue and reduce running costs, they will certainly face a serious challenge. Currently in Iran, while the economic situation of the society does not seem to be very favorable due to the oppressive sanctions, the outbreak of Covid-19 disease has also had a negative impact on this trend and has provided hospitals with their costs have run into problems. Factors such as allocating some hospitals as a reception center for Covid-19 patients, non-receipt of money from hospitalized patients, duration of treatment, the need for follow-up after discharge of patients and the construction of convalescents has been increase the costs of medical centers. On the other hand, the cancellation of elective surgeries, the provision of personal protective equipment, providing facilities and welfare facilities for medical staff and the need to pay attention to various aspects of public health and public education, has reduced their income. This disruption in the process of production and consumption of financial resources in medical centers can cause problems for the health system. The effects of this epidemic are not limited to the period of its outbreak and is one of the issues that can remain on the health economy for a long time and have adverse effects. One of these is the negative attitude of the community towards Covid-19 reference hospitals, which causes hospitals to have low incomes long after the epidemic. Considering that patientschr('39') preference is quality and safety of care services and consequently in choosing a hospital for hospitalization and treatment, the contagious and dangerous label of this disease can damage the safe image of the reference hospitals. In addition to patients, medical staff must care in a completely safe environment and have the necessary and sufficient focus on treating patients. One of the most critical factors that can play an important and active role in increasing safety is the availability of facilities and resources needed for care. Financials can negatively affect the performance of care team staff. Due to the limited financial resources of the hospitals that are selected as the center of Covid-19, this lack of financial resources can have a great impact on staff payments and cause their dissatisfaction. High workload during this period and financial pressures on personnel can cause burnout and mental fatigue along with their physical fatigue and endanger their health. This in itself can indirectly affect the quality of service they provide. Staff fatigue, especially in the long run as a result of these conditions can affect their concentration and ability to work and therefore will be affected the quality of care delivery. Since staff satisfaction and quality of work is a multidimensional phenomenon that can be affected by various factors such as workplace stress and regular payments, so health organizations should consider these issues. It seems necessary that the relevant officials in the Ministry of Health, by forming specialized working groups in the fields of psychology, sociology and health economics, act as soon as possible to control the stigma caused by the disease rather than harm. Prevent deadly effects on the health of the country. In this regard, educational interventions are suggested along with launching social campaigns to increase awareness and improve community attitudes and thus eliminate the stigma of Covid-19.

Introduction: At the global level, there are significant changes in attitudes toward hazards, so that the dominant view has shifted from focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increased resilience to disasters. Mashhad like many of the Iran's cities is in a high potential risk. Active and powerful faults in the vicinity of the city testify to the high risk of earthquakes in Mashhad. Moreover, there are seventeen rivers in and around the city of Mashhad that increases the risk of flooding in this city. Overall, the city is in a high-risk in upstream plans from a natural hazard perspective and the existence of 6688 hectares of inefficient texture (worn-out and marginal) in the city has added to its vulnerability. Although some predictive tools are effective in reducing the impact of crises, but based on evidence, future risks cannot be predicted; so it is necessary to know the resilience of city neighborhoods to avoid vulnerabilities. Resilience, however, is not a feature that is evenly distributed across different parts of the city, and it can be said that inefficient urban textures are less resilient than other parts of the city, largely due to their distinct social and physical characteristics. In addition to severe burnout and poor quality of buildings, low levels of social and demographic characteristics such as literacy, education, and employment that are effective in restoring urban neighborhoods, after a crisis lead to increased vulnerability to natural hazards. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the spatial resilience pattern in inefficient (worn-out and marginal) textures of Mashhad. Study Area: Mashhad is the capital of Khorasan Razavi province and situated in the northeast of Iran. This city is located at a longitude of 59 degrees and 2 minutes to 60 degrees and 38 minutes and a latitude of 35 degrees and 43 minutes to 37 degrees and 7 minutes between the Binaloud and Hezarmasjed Mountains. It is placed in a high-risk natural hazard zone. Mashhad has thirteen districts and 3057679 population. Of the 154 neighborhoods in Mashhad, all or part of 42 neighborhoods are inefficient. In general, about 6688 hectares of Mashhad are composed of inadequate (worn out and marginal) texture. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted with descriptive-analytical and practical methods. The indicators were extracted through library studies. Eventually, by using the opinion of experts in the framework of the Delphi method, required data were collected. Furthermore, some data were Extracted from Mashhad Master Plan (Farnahad, 2006), Statistical Yearbook of Mashhad (2016), and Road, Housing and Urban Development Research Center (2014), these indices are divided into social and social-physical divisions. Social indices only reflect social and demographic characteristics and socio-physical indices emphasize the physical characteristics and shape of neighborhoods in addition to demographic characteristics. The population consisted of 42 neighborhoods with inefficient texture in Mashhad. At first, using the MOORA technique, the social and socio-physical resilience of the inefficient neighborhoods was investigated. Then, the relationship between the distribution of resilience and social indicators using ArcGIS software was determined. In order to analyze the resiliency pattern, spatial self-dependency technique was used. There are different models for measuring spatial self-dependency statistics, among which the Global Moran Model and the statistics have been used. Finally, in order to evaluate the accuracy and importance of geographic weight regression, the output of this model was evaluated. Results and Discussion: In order to calculate the resilience of each neighborhood, all data for each criterion were first standardized and evaluated using the MOORA technique. The findings show that the neighborhoods of Panjtan Al Abba, Shahid Avini, Hosseinabad, Ayatollah Khamenei, Valiasr and Abobargh have low social resilience, Imam Hadi neighborhood, Ivan, Torq, Mustafa Khomeini, Mohammadabad, Maaghoul, Arvand, Sajadiyyah, Onsory, Rezaei, Paien Khiaban, Dahdey, Amel, Sisabad and Bilal, have middle social resilience and the other are in the up social resilience of this category. Studding the social and socio-physical resilient spatial pattern of inefficient textures areas of Mashhad has been done by using the Global Moran method and general G statistics. Results show that the distribution pattern of these neighborhoods is clustering based on social resilience variables and is random based on socio-physical variables. In fact, there is statistically significant meaning in the social resilience of inefficient textures in Mashhad, On the other hand, this pattern does not exist in the socio-physical resilience. According to the Geographic weight regression, the variables of percentage of employed population, literacy rate and education level have an increasing effect on the level of social resilience of these neighborhoods, while the sponsorship rate and the mean age have a decreasing effect. Conclusion: Much of Iran's urban area is suffering from burnout and inefficiency, causing the country's capital to face the dangers of natural disasters. A review of the theoretical foundations and global experience shows that indices of identification of inefficient textures have moved from purely physical to social and economic dimensions. A review of the past researches about the resilience of urban inefficient textures showed that most studies like the research ahead, emphasize the impact of education indices and the percentage of the employed population on social resilience of societies, given that these indices are subject to socioeconomic conditions, this conclusion is justified. Studying the spatial pattern of socio-physical resilience in inefficient neighborhoods of Mashhad shows that the distribution pattern of these neighborhoods is clustered based on social resilience variables and randomly based on socio-physical resilience variables. In fact, there is a statistically significant pattern of spatial autocorrelation in the social resilience of Mashhad's inefficient textures, while this pattern does not exist in their socio-physical resilience. Since some of the inefficient textures of the city are being revived, it is not unexpected to compare these two patterns in the neighborhoods studied. More precisely, the inefficient textures revitalization in Mashhad has been occurred according to economic and managerial conditions of the neighborhoods, which has led to improvement of physical conditions and subsequently the improvement of the physical resilience while the social aspects of these neighborhoods have been neglected. In fact, the social aspects of development have been neglected in the development of dysfunctional textures. However, recognizing the social characteristics of each neighborhood as the smallest social unit of urban planning is particularly important in order to achieve sustainable development. The results of this study indicate that the inefficient neighborhoods in the city center and in the northern marginal areas of the city have a significant role in creating cluster patterns. In this regard, in order to increase the effectiveness of interventions, attention to the effectiveness of each of the variables in the targeting structure of interventions in this sector is necessary because the way these variables influence in different locations is different, and this should be considered in planning for inefficient textures regeneration. Overall, according to the findings of this study, it can be said that in the development of inefficient textures, paying attention to the social and demographic characteristics of each textures is important in promoting the quality of life of residents and the sustainable development of neighborhood. Moreover, it is necessary to pay attention to the differences in the strategies adopted with respect to the worn out and marginal textures. Because worn out and marginal textures each have unique and distinctive social, economic and physical characteristics, so attention and focus on these features are very important in their development process. This can partly indicate the type of intervention and its extent in the textures and guide the experts in selecting the type of intervention. In this regard, the following measures are suggested to increase the resilience of inefficient urban textures in the face of natural hazards: 1. Revising and changing management practices 2. Increasing the economic ability of people to improve their quality of life 3. Providing community decision-making and local partnerships in neighborhood improvement 4. Applying scientific methods and mathematical logic in identifying effective indicators and the degree of impact of indicators and prioritizing neighborhoods

1. Introduction The population of cities is on the rise and is constantly exposed to a variety of human and environmental hazards (Alexander, 1993). Earthquake is one of the most important disasters affecting cities and urban land use. Natural disasters such as earthquakes have been a serious and permanent threat to humans and human settlements, which have endangered human life in areas with high seismicity. That is why it was named as the deadliest natural disaster in the world in 2001. Iran is also one of the most earthquakeprone countries in the world, which has always witnessed high casualties in its cities due to this disaster (WDI, 2004). Meanwhile, the occurrence of any earthquake in urban such as Sanandaj in Kurdistan Province has negative and irreversible effects on the whole region. Therefore, the assessment of urban vulnerability caused by earthquake, despite Morvarid Faults, Sartakht, etc. in Zagros Mountains is necessary. The purpose of this study is to assess the vulnerability of Sanandaj City due to earthquake with an emphasis on uncertainty approach using FAHP model. In addition, a comparison is made between the AHP and FAHP models. 2. Materials and Methods In this study, three environmental, physical and social factors with 13 criteria were selected. The selection of criteria has been based on previous studies, and it has been attempted to select the variables that have the most relevance and impact. Layer maps were obtained in the form of raster and vector data from formal offices. After editing and correcting for possible errors, all layers in ArcGIS software were converted to raster format. The layers were then standardized. According to the studies, the weight of each layer (AHP model weights 1-9) and their fuzzy thresholds were then determined. Finally, the final result in five vulnerability classes (i. e. very low, low, medium, high and very high) were identified. The maximum-minimum method was used to standardize the layers. After standardization in ArcGIS 10. 4 software, pairwise comparisons matrix was formed through the AHP method. By introducing initial weights, final weights and AHP map was obtained. In order to implement the FAHP model, after identifying the type of membership function and increasing or decreasing the amount of each layer, the fuzzy method was used in IDRISI software environment. Then, in ArcGIS software using Raster calculator tool, each of the fuzzy layers was multiplied and aggregated in the final weight of the AHP model. First, each fuzzy layer was multiplied individually in its own weight using the Raster calculator tool. Then, the new maps were executed by five fuzzy operators (SUM, GAMMA, OR, AND, PRODUCT) and the final map was prepared based on SUM operator as the best operator, which is most consistent with the current situation in Sanandaj. 3. Results and Discussion Based on the results of both AHP and FAHP models, most areas with high physical vulnerability have undesirable characteristics such as poor quality of materials, burnout and high density land use. From social perspectives, they also have high population density, which corresponds to worn-out textures and marginalized neighborhoods. However, comparing the two AHP and FAHP models shows the higher accuracy of the FAHP model. In general, the FAHP model is highly capable of formulating the uncertainties of the present study. 4. Conclusion While the AHP method uses quantitative and qualitative variables, it is not capable of modeling uncertainty about decisions makers. One of the capabilities of the Fuzzy-AHP model in this study is to utilize different spectra through normalization methods based on minimization and maximization. This method eliminates the uncertainty in the ranking of actions and decisions in the AHP method. Accordingly, zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are most vulnerable to earthquake, which are consistent with the worn-out texture and margin of the city. The district 1 of Sanandaj, districts such as Ghatarchian, Tazeh abad, Haji Abad, Besat and district 2 in Abbas Abad, Golshan, Pir Mohammad and finally district 3 in Mubarak Abad, Kalaka Jar, Vila shahr and Baharan Town are highly vulnerable. In general, zones 1, 2, and 3, respectively, are the most zones vulnerable, which are highly adapted to the worn-out texture and margin of the city. Therefore, the most important proposal of this study is comprehensive planning and construction operations in the suburbs and worn-out areas, which should be regarded as a priority to deal with possible earthquakes.

As we are approaching the summer, I am pleased to write to you with the announcement of the publication of a new issue of IJLTR. While most of my colleagues in other parts of the world have almost ended their spring semester and are starting to enjoy the summer holiday after a few final days of scoring and grading, here in Iran we are still running classes with exams to start soon. As an editor, even when the exams are over and you are entitled to enjoy the summer break, there is the duty of preparing the next issue of the journal which means that journal editors have essentially no break whether between the semesters or after them. What makes an editor survive such break-less life is the generous moral support received from editorial team as well as readers and contributors. All this contributes to journal growth which in turn is a strong motivation for the team to move forward more steadily. For the last several issues of IJLTR, I had the honour to share with you a new achievement of our publication, form being promoted to Q1 in Scopus in 2020, to ranking top in Iran and the Middle East, and the like. Indeed, IJLTR seems to have conquered all peaks last year and there is no new achievement expected; it seems that there is no higher rank than Q1 which IJLTR has once more gained in 2021 in Scimago’ s recent rankings (SJR) which was announced on the 1 st of June. Regionally, IJLTR has tanked top among 134 journals indexed in ISC (Islamic Science Citation) whose most recent JCR was recently announced. No doubt, these steady gains are a direct outcome of the quality papers published as well as invaluable academic support by the editorial team, reviewers and the journal internal staff; thank you all for playing your part so effectively and keeping IJLTR at the peak! Like all its previous issues, IJLTR’ s new issue comes out on time, 1 st of July 2021, as initially planned. In 2020 and earlier years, each issue carried seven full text articles, two book reviews and one interview. Beginning with January 2021 issue, we decided to leave out the interview to open space for one more research article, given the huge number of submissions we receive and the long list of accepted manuscripts awaiting publication. In line with the same policy and to open more space for international contributors, we decided to stop receiving submissions from our Iranian colleagues temporarily until the end of 2022. The current issue accordingly is packed with 8 original articles form Hong Kong, the UK, the USA, Australia, New Zealand, and Iran as well as two book reviews by Iranian and American reviewers. In the first paper, drawing on second language acquisition principles, Alessandro Benati presents a case for evidence-based language instruction, moving beyond methods and focusing on the key role of input. Fathi, Greenier and Derakhshan then concentrate on the role of EFL teachers’ emotion regulation in mediating the role of teacher reflection on their self-efficacy and burnout in the second paper, followed by a further focus on teachers by Bagheri and East in paper 3, where they investigate teachers’ cognitions and practices in the context of listening classes in private language schools. The next paper by Wotring, Chen and Fraser is a syllabus document analysis which looks at the alignment between learning objectives, teaching principles and curriculum policies in three East Asian contexts, followed by John Liontas and Patrick Mannion’ s argument for a place for digital story-telling in language classrooms to afford optimal learning conditions. In paper 6, Mohammadzadeh and Alavinia look at the role of motivation in task performance and analyse motivational changes during task supported instruction to seven young language learners, followed by Rahimi, Yousofi and Moradkhani’ s paper on challenges in ELT research in Iran’ s higher education system. The final research paper in the volume by Kaivanpanah, Akbarian and Salimi is devoted to vocabulary instruction where they compare differential effects of three modes of instruction (explicit, implicit and modified implicit) on its learning and retention. The books reviewed are The TESOL Encyclopedia of English Language Teaching and The Routledge Handbook of Research in Applied Linguistics reviewed respectively by Kristen Fung, and Khodadust and Mohammadi. I trust the collection will fill part of your long summer days. As you enjoy reading the published work in this issue, please also watch out for our Special Issue on Online Professional Development in TESOL (edited by Jack Richards), that will appear on the 1 st of October 2021. Our 2022 special Issue will be guest-edited by Michael Byram and Petra Rauschert, and is devoted to Language Teaching, Education for Democracy and Cross-curricular Connection for which it is time to plan a submission. Moe information about all this is just a click away: ijltr. urmia. ac. ir.