Introduction: The elbow is frequently involved in trauma and is one of the most frequently radiographed joint in emergency ward. Posterior FAT pad displacement has been describing in a variety of disorder such as hemophilia, rheumatoid arthritis and any condition that concomitant with joint effusion such as trauma. So it may be the manifestation of an Occult fracture as a result of trauma. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assessment the implication of posterior FAT-pad sign in occult elbow fracture. Materials and Methods: This research is a prospective and descriptive study that carried out on 328 patients with the age under 18 years old and a history of traumatic elbow injury. All of patients with the radiographically positive posterior FAT pad sign, without any intraarticular fracture were introduced in study. After 3 weeks the injury, anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique radiographs were made and evaluated for evidence of fracture healing (Periostial reaction). If there was evidence of new bone formation on any of this three radiographs, it was considered to indicate a fracture of elbow. Result: From 328 patients, 73% (242) were boys and 26% (86) were girls. 29(96)% of patients were posterior FAT pad positive sign that 85% (82) of above patient after 3 weeks become positive they had evidence of a fracture and in 18% (14) of patient hadn’t any evidence of fracture. 82% (65) of patients had supracondylar fracture, 41% (5) a fracture of lateral condyl humerus, 1.64% (2) a fracture of medial condyl humerus.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of posterior FAT-pad sign with the evidence of fracture in elbow is very high and need to evaluate the patients with occult fracture correctly is very important.

The aim of present study was to compare FAT oxidation rates, maximal FAT oxidation (MFO) and the intensity that elicits maximal FAT oxidation (FATmax), in two exercise modes (running and cycling). Ten untrained student girls (aged 23.1±1.90 yr; height 163.3±10 cm; weight 57.3±4.4 kg; body FAT percent 28.2±3.1) participated in this study as subjects. Subjects completed maximal graded exercise tests on the cycle ergometer and the treadmill. Gas exchange and heart rate were measured 10 min before and throughout the exercise test. FAT oxidation rates were calculated using stoichiometric equations. Two way analysis variance for repeated measure, bonferroni, t tests were performed to analysis data. The result of this study showed that FAT oxidation rates (0.13±0.03 vs. 0.06±0.02 g/min), MFO (0.21±0.06 vs. 0.15±0.05 g/min) and VO2max (28.4±4.5 vs. 23.2±4.4 ml/kg/min) was significantly higher during the treadmill test compared with the cycle ergometer (p£0.05). While, FATmax rates was not significantly difference between exercise modes (%42.83 VO2max on treadmill vs. %47.87 VO2max on ergometer). From the result of this study it can be concluded that FAT oxidation rates in similar relative intensity of exercise are remarkably different in mode of exercise. Also, maximal FAT oxidation is higher in activities which used higher muscle mass.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of reduced muscle glycogen on maximal FAT oxidation (MFO) and the exercise intensity at which maximal FAT oxidation was occure (FATmax) in untrained men.Method: Eight healthy untrained males (age: 22.2±1; body mass index: 21.9±1.5 kg/m2; percent body FAT (%): 15.1±1; VO2Peak: 2.82±0.41 L.min-1) participated in two studies carried out on separate days at least one week apart. Each subject in the fasting state (7: 00 AM) performed graded exercise test with 3 min stages on a cycle ergometer to exhaustion, on two separate occasions randomly, in a normal glycogen state and under conditions of reduced muscle glycogen content. On one occasion, the day before the graded exercise test, subjects came to the laboratory at 18: 00 pm to perform an exhaustive muscle glycogen lowering exercise. Indirect calorimetry was performed to determine oxygen consumption (VO2) and carbon dioxide production (VCO2) at during gradedexercise. Substrate oxidation, MFO and FATmax was determined during graded exercise test, by use of the stoichiometric equations. The student’s t-test was used to analyze the variables.Results: MFO in the lowering muscle glycogen (0.54±0.08 g.min-1) was significantly higher than in the normal muscle glycogen status (0.36±0.04 g. min-1) (P<0.01). In addition, Significantly difference in FATmax occurred at an exercise intensity of around 46.12±3.13% and 65.01±3.42% VO2peak in the normal and reduces glycogen condition respectively (P<0.01).Conclusion: In conclusion, reduced muscle glycogen before exercise can be causes a displacement of MFO and FATmax to higher level of exercise intensity. This means that the onset of decrease of FAT oxidation occurs at a higher intensity and individuals start to rely on carbohydrate sources later.

Introduction & Objective: There is rising variety of fillers used in aesthetic surgery for skin augmentation and enhancement. The natural fillers include free FAT graft, derom-FAT graft and reverse dermo-FAT graft (dermis down and FAT up). There is not a unified opinion on comparative longevity for these grafts among authors. The purpose of this article is to find out the out the come of these grafts in the animal model.Materials & Methods: The study was performed at St. FATima hospital animal laboratory on 12 Spraugue Dawly male rats who weighed 300 to 350 grams. Three forms of auto FAT graft including free FAT, dermo-FAT and reverse dermo-FAT was applied and after two months animals were sacrificed. The specimens were weighed before and after grafting with precise digital scale. All specimens stained with H& E dye and studied for the amount of fibroblast proliferation, collagen bundles, necrosis, neovascularization and eosinophil and giant cell infiltration.Results: We found statistically no significant difference of the pre and post graft weight changes between these three groups. We also couldn’t find and significant differences between the amount of fibroblast proliferation, collagen bundles, necrosis, neovascularization and eosinophil and giant cell infiltration.Conclusions: These findings show that free FAT can be used as filler with no need to be combined with dermis. On the other hand we found out that derom-FAT take and outcome is not dependent on the position of dermis whether to be over or under the FAT graft.

FAT oxidation during exercise can be influenced by exercise intensity and duration, training status, diet and physical activity level. However, few studies have investigated the effect of time of day on the rate of FAT oxidation during exercise. Thus the present study was designed to investigate the effect of time of day on indexes of FAT oxidation in active young women. For this purpose, 14 healthy women (mean±SD age, BF%, weight, BMI and Vo2max: 21.6±1.6 years, 18.3±4.6 %, 51.2±3.3 kg, 22±1.7 kg/m2, 40.8±4.2 ml/kg. min) voluntarily participated in this study. The exercise test was performed in two separate sessions in the morning (7: 00) and evening (19: 00). There was a 7-day interval between the two tests. The protocol was an incremental exercise to exhaustion on a treadmill. The volunteers started exercising at a speed of 58.3 m/min and at a gradient of 1%.Then, the speed increased to 16.7 m/min every three minutes until 125 m/min. At this point, the gradient increased by 2% per three minutes until RER=1 was achieved. VO2 and VCO2 were measured throughout the exercise by an automated gas analysis system. The data were analyzed using independent t test (a=0.05). The findings of the present study showed that no significant difference in maximal FAT oxidation between morning and evening exercises (morning: 0.39±0.13 vs. evening: 0.44±0.11, P>0.05). There was no significant difference in FAT Max between morning and evening (P>0.05). However, the mean intensity of maximal FAT oxidation was higher in the evening. Finally, it can be concluded that probably time of day (morning and evening) does not have an effect on substrate oxidation during intensive exercise.

Background: Saturated FATty acids (SFA) and trans isomer of unsaturated FATty acids (TFA) are shown to be associated with endothelial damage. Until now there are different reports about the severity of their damage on the endothelium. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of SFA and TFA on endothelial function through evaluating the flow mediated vasodilatation and serum proinflamatory markers.Methods: In a prospective clinical trial, which was conducted in January 2008, 17 healthy volunteers were recruited in the study. The study was done in two days. In the first day the participants have eaten boiled bens with 25 grams of hydrogenated vegetable oil added. Flow Mediated vasodilatation (FMD), C-reactive protein, E-selectin, soluble Intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM-1), soluble vascular cellular adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1), and interleukine 6 were checked before and 4 hour after test meal. After 7 days, second day of the study, the participants were took part in the study the same as the first day, but they have eaten boiled been with 25 grams animal oil added. Samples of animal oil and hydrogenated vegetable oil were analyzed for its FATty acid composition using gas chromatography.Fidings: There was no significant difference between the levels of fasting serum markers and flow mediated vasodilatation (FMD) in two days of the study. FMD was decreased after eating both animal oil (rich in saturated FATty acids) and hydrogenated vegetable oil (rich in Trans isomer of unsaturated FATty acids). However, there were not significant differences between the serum markers and FMD after 4 hours of eating test meals in both days of the study.Conclusion: Saturated FATty acids and Trans isomer of unsaturated FATty acids may equally harmful to the endothelium.