Vertebrobasilar insufficiency is the cause of cerebrovascular accidents in 20% of cases. There are few reports regarding spectral Doppler INDICES (SDIs) of vertebral arteries (VAs) normal BLOOD flow. The objective of this study was to provide basic reference data about SDIs of VAs normal BLOOD flow separately and in comparison with internal carotid arteries (ICAs) and common carotid arteries (CCAs) normal BLOOD flows SDIs. This cross-sectional study performed on 70 normal patients. Color Doppler sonography (CDS) and spectral Doppler sonography (SDS) of right and left VAs (RVA and LVA), right and left CCAs (RCCA and LCCA), right and left ICAs (RICA and LICA), were performed. The mean PSV, EDV, and RI values of RVA BLOOD flow were as 41.60±9.6 cm/s, 14.60±3.7 cm/s and 0.65±0.06, and the mean PSV, EDV and RI values of LVA BLOOD flow were as 42.20±10.2 cm/s, 15.20±4.2 cm/s, and 0.64±0.05, respectively. There was not statistically significant difference between the mean PSV, EDV and RI values of RVA and LVA BLOOD flows. The mean PSV and EDV values of VAs BLOOD flows were significantly lower than the values of CCAs and ICCAs BLOOD flows, respectively. The mean RI value of VAs BLOOD flows was significantly lower than the mean RI Value of CCAs BLOOD flows, but there was not statistically significant difference between the mean RI value of VAs BLOOD flows and the mean RI value of ICAs BLOOD flows.

The red BLOOD cell INDICES of 63 patients (35 boys and 28 girls) with cyanotic congenital heart disease were reviewed to determine the incidence of hypochromic microcytic anemic and its correlation to neurologic complication in these cases. Mean age was 3.6±4.4 years with a range from 1 month to 15 years. Fifty-two percent of patients were less than 1 year of age. Eleven patients (17.5%) presented with MCV<3rd percentile for age and sex. MCH and MCGC<3rd percentile for age and sex were noted in 44.4% and 62% of our cases respectively. Hypochromia was more prevalent than microcytosis in the patients.There were eight cases with neurologic complications. We didn’t find significant difference between red BLOOD cell INDICES of this group and that of the remaining children. Patients with neuroligic complications were significantly older (P<0.006).We conclude that the incidence of hypochromic anemia is high in cyanotic young patients in developing countries and prolonged period of chronic hypoxemia predisposes these children to neurologic sequelae.

Aims Because of the importance of age-linked physiological changes and the effects of physical activity on hematological parameters, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of age and hard endurance workouts on BLOOD cell count and erythrocyte INDICES. Materials & Methods In this interventional study 87 male volunteers were studied in 3 groups including young (n=30), middle (n=30) and old (n=27) age groups in Sarem hospital (Tehran, Iran). Immediately before and after their endurance activity and during recovery period, hemodynamic factors were measured and 3 BLOOD samples were collected for BLOOD cell count and erythrocyte INDICES. The data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for independent groups and repeated measures ANOVA for related groups using SPSS 16 software. Findings The plasma volume (%) was decreased significantly after hard endurance workouts and increased significantly during recovery period. Endurance activity caused significant increases in all measured factors other than mean cell volume (MCV). However, there were significant decreases in all studied factors after recovery, except MCV, mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). There was no significant difference in responses of hematological factors to the endurance activity and recovery period between different age groups. Conclusion Age does not affect the responses of hematological factors to the hard endurance workouts and subsequent recovery period. bone marrow is fractal.

Background and Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cord arterial BLOOD gas (ABG) INDICES and early neonatal complications in neonates born with fetal distress and also the threshold level of measured values for the risk assessment of complications. Materials and Methods: 221 mothers with fetal distress who met our inclusion criteria participated in this 12 month cross-sectional study in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from 2015 to 2016. BLOOD samples were taken from umbilical artery of the neonates after birth. Early perinatal complications and their association with PH and BE at birth and 8 hours later and also the diagnostic values of the afore mentioned values were evaluated. Results: 221 pregnant mothers at 37-41 weeks of gestation (mean gestational age of 38 weeks and 4 days) who had developed fetal distress during hospitalization were entered into the study. Seizure (p<0/01), jaundice (p<0/015), gasterointestrinal complication (p<0/01), NICU haspitalization ≥ 1 week (p< 0/001) were significantly higher in the neonates with PH<7/2. Seizure (p<0/01), gastero intestinal complication ( p=0/049). NICU hospitalization ≥ 1 weak (p<0/001) were significantly higher in the neonates with BE <-14. The highest diagnostic accuracy rates for respiratory complications (85%) was related to BE measured 8 hours after birth. The highest diagnostic accuracy rates for seizure (88%) and gastrointestinal (77%) complications were related to PH measured 8 hours after birth. But for renal complications (82%) and jaundice (60%) it was associated with PH at birth. Conclusion: PH and BE can be used as reliable predictors for some early neonatal complications.