The modern internal auditing has recently been considered in Iran. Therefore, many of its aspects, including internal audit quality (IAQ) and Internal audit quality improvement strategies (IAQIS), have not been clarified yet. Also, limited areas of IAQ have been considered in previous research. In order to explain and describe the various aspects of IAQ and IAQIS, we have interviewed internal audit stakeholders. So, by using the qualitative approach and grounded theory, internal audit stakeholders (user, executive, regulators and standard setter) were studied for the first time in Iran. In this regard, 33 people were interviewed from late 2016 to early 2017. In addition, in this regard, 30 papers and seminars which published in Iranian professional magazines that reflect the viewpoints of the above-mentioned stakeholders were also used. The data were analyzed by using the open coding, axial coding & selective coding approach that is specific to the grounded theory and major categories, categories, and subcategories (concepts) were extracted. Using a system model approach that includes inputs, process, outputs, outcomes and contextual factors, the IAQIS model was designed. The model incorporates multidimensional of IAQIS. Strategies include inputs, performance, outputs, and contextual factors which are affecting IAQ. Due to the gradual expansion of the modern internal auditing in Iran in recent years, to achieve and improve IAQ, these multidimensional strategies can apply in engagement level, internal audit function level, firm level and national level.

The focus on the issue of Quality of Laws in the last decade in Iran necessitates conducting a study on and discussing a different aspect of the issue. Aspects and facets of quality of law are extended, complex, and they need high precision. The initial steps of the study include conceptual and theoretical underpinnings and final steps entail practical solutions for increasing the level of quality of laws. In the present study, five solutions to increase the level of quality of laws are introduced. The solutions are practiced in different countries; however, they have never been discussed as a set of ways to increase the level of quality of laws altogether. Three solutions increase formal and material characteristics of the laws, i. e. consultation prior to the tabling of the bill, use of linguistic experts, and use of experimental legislation. The other solutions, i. e. codification and adopting a specific law on quality of laws, provide the appropriate legal system environment for increasing the level of quality of laws. Undoubtedly, using these solutions, all of them as a whole, have a significant effect on achieving a Good Law.

he present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mind-mindedness in mothers with a 6-7-month-old infant on promoting infant’s attachment quality at the end of first year of infant life. Infant attachment quality was assessed by the Attachment Q-sorts (Waters, 1995). Twenty mothers with insecure attachment styles were identified by the Current Relationship Interview (Crowell & Owens, 1996) and were assigned into either experimental or control groups. The results indicated that the attachment of infants in experimental group was significantly more secure and less dependent than the control group due to their mothers’ increased mind-mindedness and their appropriate responsiveness to infant’s needs.

Higher education in Iran has faced with two important challenges after Islamic revolution. Firestone is the historical underdevelopment in quantitative expansion of higher education and the second is rapid population growth, which caused high demand for enhancement of higher education. Of course, other factors such as cultural context and lack of job opportunities for secondary school graduates had also have played important role in demand for providing more places for university applicants. This situation caused the quantitative expansion of higher education to be considered as the first priority of the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. Foundation of Payame-Nour University (distance learning), private higher education institutions, Islamic Azad University, e-learning courses, evening courses and joint diplomas with International universities were among higher education policies in recent years. As a result students’ population increased from 150,000 in 1978 to 3,500,000 in 2008. In Particular, increase in the post graduate studies, besides human resources development caused a great advancement in the research status of the country. There is no doubt that quantitative expansion of higher education in Iran is one of the most glorious achievements after the revolution, but at the same time along with expansion of students’ population and diversification of higher education systems particular ,in private sector, the quality of higher education should be of main concern for policy makers in this sector. This paper would review the most important challenges of higher education as the roles of total quality management systems encounter the involved factors.

Abstract: What knowledge, skills, and attitudes should students have acquired at the time of graduation? And how can we ensure that students achieve these abilities? These are the two basic questions that engineering education has sought to answer in the last few decades and has taken valuable steps to answer them. At the same time, two major questions in Iran’s engineering education are: What are the shortcomings of Iranian undergraduate engineering education programs? And how can the quality of engineering education be improved by eliminating these shortcomings? In the past few decades, the planning of engineering education in Iran has been centralized. As a result, a significant part of the strengths and weaknesses of the educational programs are common. The purpose of this research is to identify the shortcomings of engineering education programs and to provide practical solutions to resolve them. For this purpose, using two internationally valid models, the shortcomings of the programs were identified, and in each case, an executive solution was developed and proposed to resolve them. The suggested solutions were executed and their effectiveness was proven. Implementation of the proposed solutions is a positive step to move from quantity to quality in engineering education in Iran.