Six highly variable microsatellite loci were used to investigate the genetic diversity and population structure of theOxynoemacheilus kiabii in the Gamasiab River in between the Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces. A total of 60 samples were collected from these areas. All of the 6 microsatellite loci screened in this study showed polymorphism. A total of 70 alleles were observed for six loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 6 to 16. The averages of observed (Ho) and expected heterozygosity (He) recorded as much as 0.515 and 0.849, respectively. Most cases deviated significantly from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p ?0.01). It seems that there is a low differentiation between two populations of this species through the studied areas due to high level of gene flow (Nm=14.554) between two regions and low Fst (0.021).