Sport Physiology
Year:2012 | Volume:4 | Issue:15|Papers Count:12

Introduction & aim: Scientific reports indicated that sedentary disease and overweight (obese) body composition, provide low respiratory efficiency and clinical syndrome, for chronic asthmatic patients (CAP). On the way, role of aerobic rehabilitation patterns (ARP) are obvious upon the improving pulmonary physiology for CAP. However, the present study aim was to evaluate effectiveness of aerobic exercise rehabilitation on the Spiro metric variables in CAP.Material & methods: The study was designed as a pre. & post test design. 39 middle-age men with CAP and low to moderate asthmatic conditions (i.e., FEV1 /FVC: 69.7+3.1) were voluntarily selected. Anthropometric profile included BMI: 31.4+3.5 kg/m2, WHR: 0.99+0.4 and visceral fat: 31.6±3.3 cm2. The subjects completed medical and Houston daily habitual Questionnaires, then performed YMCA protocol in order to obtain an initial level of functional capacity: V02 peak: 3.23±0.9 L/min. pulmonary static & dynamic volumes were measured. Experimental group (EG) participated in ARP for 3 months (i.e., weekly session 3 d/wk, duration 50-60 min, with a work intensity of 50-80 %HRmax).Results; Data analyzed by one-way ANOVA with a repeated measure. ARP as a non- pharmacologic agent could be effectiveness for pulmonary efficiency indexes improvement (i.e., an increases in the FEV1, EVC, FVC, FEV1/ FVC; PEF and MVV variables) in CAP (P<0.05). These profile wasn't observed in the paired control group (P>0.05).

The purpose of this study was t investigate the relationship between resting visfatin levels and visfatin changes during endurance exercise with aerobic fitness and body composition. For this purpose, forty six subjects (Mean±SD; age, 42.8±16.0 y; height, 171.7±5.4 cm; weight, 73.6±9.7 kg) participated in this study. In one session after determining body composition characteristics including weight, WHR and BMI, maximal oxygen consumption (Vo2max) was determined after 5 minutes warm-up by using a progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer. After one week all subjects performed an acute endurance exercise at 60% of Vo2max for 30 minutes on a bicycle. Two blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise and were analyzed for visfatin and glucose concentrations. To determine the correlations among the variables Pearson's correlation was used. Results showed no significant correlations between serum visfatin with aerobic fitness (r=0.17, P>0.05) and body composition parameters (P>0.05).However, changes in visfatin during endurance exercise were positively and significantly correlated with aerobic fitness (r=0.349, P=0.018) and glucose (r=0.363, P=0.013). In addition, data analysis revealed that aerobic fitness is negatively and significantly correlated with resting glucose and glucose changes during exercise (P<0.05). Based on the results of the present study it could be concluded that aerobic fitness has no relationship with resting serum visfatin, though the higher aerobic fitness might result in more changes in visfatin responses to exercise, which might be an indicator of visfatin rules in improving the aerobic performance through NAD+ and increases in insulin during and immediately after exercise.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks resistance versus endurance training on plasma visfatin in middle-aged men. Twenty eight healthy middle-aged men (mean±SD; aged, 38.3±4.7 years; height, 173.5±5.9 cm; BMI, 25.9±2.9 kg/m2;) participated as subjects in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned in to resistance training (n=9), endurance training (n=9) or control group (n=10). Resistance training consisted of 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65-80% of one-repetition maximum, 8-12 repetitions and 2-4 sets for 8 weeks. Endurance training group, also, underwent an 8-week intervention, with a frequency of 3 d/wk at an intensity corresponding to 65-80% maximum heart rate for 20-34 min. The results showed that body fat percent (5.4% & 8.8% respectively), WHR (2.2% in the each group) and plasma visfatin (19.7% & 29.6% respectively) were decreased (P<0.05) after resistance and endurance training. Maximum oxygen consumption, on the other hand, increased significantly (13.1 & 15.8% respectively; P<0.05) in the two training groups compared with the control group. Plasma visfatin levels at baseline were positively correlated (P<0.05) with body fat percent and triglyceride concentration. In conclusion, it seems that 8 weeks of resistance and endurance training induced changes in adipose tissue, and decreased plasma visfatin in middle-aged men and endurance training is effective than resistance training to decreased plasma visfatin.

This study aims at identifying the amount of the effect of training with swim paddle on aerobic & anaerobic capacity of age groups swimmers in back stroke. To this aims, as many as 20 swimmers were selected from among the age group of 9-17 from Tehran and karaj cities. Then they were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (training with swim paddle) and control (training without swim paddle). The swimmers in each group passed an eight-week training period. Before and after this training period, they underwent some tests as follows: Aerobic power was measured directly with incremental test, and using arm ergometer. Aerobic capacity was measured by identifying the swimming speed at which the concentration amount of lactate was 4 mmol/lit (V4). Also, the anaerobic power of upper body was measured using Wingate's 9-second test, and anaerobic capacity was measured using maximum lactate measurement after 100 meters swimming.Analyzing the results of the above - mentioned measurements, and using suitable statistical tests (Dependent t test for analyzing the intra-group changes and independent t test for analyzing the difference between groups), we identified a as equal to a significant level of 0.05 (a=0.05). The findings of this study therefore, is as follows: Training with swim paddle made average speed of swimmers increase in 100 meters back stroke (anaerobic functioning) (p£0.05), however; it did not affect aerobic power, V4, anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity and endurance functioning (average speed in 400 meters crawl stroke) (p>0.05).

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of eccentric contraction on hematological blood markers in non - athlete young man. Fourteen male non- athlete (age: 24.28±1.14 yrs, height: 1.75±0.48 m, weight: 73.14±5.43 kg, BMI: 23.42±1.06 kg/m2 and BF%: 14.71±1.35) volunteered in this study. Eccentric contraction was induced by 3 sets (15 repetition/set) by the intensity of 70% of lRM using hamstring curl weight machine. At baseline and after the intervention (immediately, 24 and 48h), subjects were submitted to a blood sample to determine their hematological profile (red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red cell distribution width). ANOVA for repeated measurements showed significant differences were effect on platelets, leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, mean corpuscular volume immediately after exercise. However, no significant differences blood markers between 24 and 48 h after exercise (P³0.05). The results of this research showed that one season resistant training to eccentric contraction curse change leukocytes, PLT and MVC immediately exercise. Also insignificant changes in other variable, probabilities this chance because low volume muscle and kind of muscles contraction.

In this paper we conduct a study about the effect of a Soccer-Specific Exercise protocol on the IgA, IgG, IgM and saliva concentrations in the body of men athletics. Our sample group was selected randomly by purposive sampling among Saqqez football players. A week before the main test the maximum level of oxygen VO2max uptake measured and based on the results the sample group was divided to 2 homogenous groups. 10 minutes before the administration of test their saliva was collected. To record heart rate the sample group were given polar clocks. In 5Pm the experimental group performed body exercises, including six sessions of 15 minutes of dribbling, walking, and speed running and running backward. Immediately after the activity the second stage of sampling was carried out and after 2 hours, third sampling was taken. The subjects were allowed to drink water during the 90 second break after every 15 minute exercise. Concentrations of immunoglobulin and cortisol analyzed using Elisa Method and Tom protein using Bradford Method and special kits for that. The data collected in this way were processed by SPSS-16 and analyzed by ANOVA repeated measures and LSD as a post hoc test and independent sample Ttest. Furthermore, we used Pearson correlation coefficient in order to detect any relationship between cortisol and immunoglobulin. The results showed that the concentrations of IgA in pre-test reduced significantly compared with that of post -test, but the pre-test IgA concentrations displayed no significant change compared with that of 2 hours recovery. IgG and IgM pretest concentrations displayed no significant change compared with those of immediately and 2 hours after the test. The cortisol concentrations in pre-test displayed a significant difference compared with immediately that of after the test while its pre-test concentration was not significantly different from that of 2 hours after the test. The IgA concentration immediately after the test was negatively correlated with a rise in cortisol concentration.

Various studies have focused on the method of generation and evaluation of inflammation besides analyzing different biological changes occurring after inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Omega-3 consumption and intense anaerobic exercise on some of the inflammatory indexes in male rats. To do so, 160 male rats were chosen with the mean age of 2 months and the mean weight of 36±3. 160 The rest of rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (n: 40), supplement group (n: 40), training group (n: 40) and supplement- training group (n: 40).At first, 10 rats from each group were killed in order to determine the pretest amount of the variables. The training protocol consisted of 8 weeks running using treadmill, three sessions per week performed according to the speed, inclination and the time of running. For 8 weeks, 0.2ml omega-3 were consumed by the rats supplement and supplement- training group every day. Blood sample were taken from 10 rats of each group in order to evaluate CPK, CRP and IL-17 levels in each session (before the exercise, twice a week and the end of the exercise (5 times)). ANOVA was used in order to determine the differences among groups. The results showed that there is a significant difference in CPK, CRP and IL-17 levels among groups. Pursuittest demonstrated that this difference existed between training group and supplement & supplement-training groups (P<0.05). General results illustrated that while performing intense anaerobic exercise, Omega-3 consumption either decreases or at least leads to the reduction of the increasing incline of inflammatory factors.

The purpose of this study was to compare effect of endurance and training on levels of HSP70 in mice with breast cancer tumor. For thpis reason 30 female balb/c mice were utilize randomly divided in 3 groups as fallow: 1- tumor-contriol, 2:endurance training-tumor, 3:interval training-tumor. Endurance training protocol was done for 6 weeks at 25% to 75% vo2-max and training protocol was done for 6 weeks at 20% to 55% vot2 max between 1 until 10 interval rep * 1 min. Blood samples were collected after protocol and Eliza method used for measuring. T The result of this study showed rate of HSP70 in group decreased and in endurance training increased but there were no significant difference between groups. Also data analyze showed tumor volume in group decreased significant and in endurance group increased significant. Based on the result of this research; doing exercise with change the rate of HSP70 can is effective in improving cancer treatment as a supplement in addition to other treatments.

Studies indicate Apelin is a vascular dilator peptide that plays an important role in regulating vascular tone and cardiovascular function, however, the effect of physical activity and antioxidant supplement on apelin and its receptor is not clear. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of combined aerobic exercise and barigeh (ferula gummosa boiss) supplement on the cardiac protective system (Apelin and its receptor) during Nitro-Larginine-methyl ester-induced hypertension. Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (Baseline, Sham-operate, L-NAME and combination of exercise and supplement groups. For the hypertension, LNAME is administrated with 10 mg/kg dosage, intraperitoneally (i.p), for 8 weeks and 5 sessions a week in L-NAME and exercise and supplement groups. Training protocol was performed 15 to 22 m/min for 25 to 64 minutes, 5 times a week for 8 weeks on treadmill. Ferula gummosa was administered with 0.9 g/kg per day dosage for 8 weeks using gavage. The results showed, administration of L-NAME led to hypertension, reduce in Apelin and its receptor (APJ) and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I), as compared to control groups (baseline and sham). The combination of aerobic exercise+supplement cause inhibitor of the hypertension up-regulation following L-NAME administration. Moreover, it significantly increases the cardiac Apelinergic system and ACE-1, as compared to L-NAME, sham and control groups. The results of our study suggest non-pharmacological methods could be new approach for cardiac protection against hypertension-induced chronic stress.

Introduction: Resistance training causes acute increases in hormone concentration such as testosterone (T) and growth hormone (GH). Also serum T and GH concentrations may increase in response to resistance training in during puberty and pre puberty. The purpose of this study was to determine the acute plasma T and GH responses to resistance training between under 18 and over 18 years old.Methods: Ten boys under 18 years old (age l6±1.2 years) and ten mans over 18 years (age: 21.8±8.4 years) volunteered to participate in this study. All subjects were healthy boys who had no previous resistance training experience. In one session of resistance training, subjects performed 3 sets of 10-12 repetitions of leg squat and chest press at 75% of one repetition maximum (lRM). Between - set rest intervals for leg squat and chest press exercises were 3 minute. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after the training.Results: The T and GH hormones levels were significantly increase from pre - to post- tests for both groups with no significant difference between groups.Conclusion: These results indicated that serum T and GH hormones concentration were similar in both groups. These may be useful for improving strength and muscle hypertrophy for under 18 years old man.

Studies showed that exercise trainings may induce anatomical and functional adaptations in respiratory system, but the type and nature of performed exercise will cause different consequences. This study compared the effects of Pilates and aerobics trainings on respiratory [forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1st second (FEV1) and forced expiratory volume in 1st second to forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC)] parameters of overweight girls students. 45 students (BMI>25) volunteered to participate in the research. These subjects were randomly divided into three groups including aerobics training, Pilates training and control groups. Experimental groups carried out training protocols for 6 weeks, 4 days per week and each session lasted 45 -60 minutes.Aerobics protocol comprises 15 minutes warm up, 30-35 minutes of aerobics exercises and 10 minutes cool down. Pilates protocol comprises 15 minutes warm-up, 30 to 35 minutes Pilates exercises and 10 minutes cool down. Dependent variables were measured in the initial and end of protocols. For evaluation of respiratory parameters, it is used standardized respiratory maneuver using by spirometry apparatus (model ST-90). We applied the paired t- test, one-way ANOVA and Turkey test for extraction of results and statistical significance was considered if p<0.05. Results showed that aerobics and Pilates trainings did not change respiratory parameters (p>0.05). Results of ANOVA test about comparing of aerobics and Pilates protocols revealed that they influenced respiratory parameters equally.Totally, there is no difference between the effects of 6 weeks of aerobics and Pilates trainings on the respiratory functions of overweight girl students.

Adiponectin is an adipocytokine that is hypothesized to be involved in the regulation of insulin action. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of endurance training accompanied by fasting and a period of detraining on plasma adiponectin levels and insulin resistance index. Twenty-six healthy male subjects (Mean±SD; age 25.2±3.7 years; weight 78.3±12.7 kg; BMI 26.1±3.7) voluntarily participated in the study and were divided into fasting (F) and endurance training+fasting group (F+ET) groups. F+ET group exercised three times a week on treadmill during Ramadan month. Exercise intensity was determined based on energy expenditure. Calorie expenditure during endurance exercise in the first week of Ramadan was 500 Kcal and increased to 800 Kcal in the last week. After the end of Ramadan, the F+ET group stopped its practice and fasting and followed by 2 weeks of detraining, while F group returned to common diet. Anthropometric characteristic and blood samples before, the end of Ramadan and two weeks after Ramadan were measured and recorded. Repeated analysis of variance with a between group factor was used.Comparison of between group showed Endurance training on serum adiponectin, insulin resistance index, glucose and insulin had no significant influence during Ramadan (p>0.05). Although glucose, insulin and insulin resistance index did not change after two weeks of the Ramadan (p>0.05), however, adiponectin concentrations in both F+ET and F group significantly increased after two weeks of the Ramadan month (p<0.05). Based on the findings of the present study it could be concluded there was no difference between combination of endurance training and Ramadan fasting compared with Ramadan fasting only. Increase in adiponectin after two weeks detraining in both of groups probably is due to changes in fasting diets regimes to regular diet and had no correlation with detraining.